Deceit and Dishonesty in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane Ey

Jane Eyre The Theme of Deceit and Dishonesty The marriage can not go on I declare the existence of an impediment (306). Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte, is the story of an orphaned girl who is sent to live at Gateshead Hall with Mrs. Reed and her three cousins, whom Jane doesnt get along with. At the age of ten, Mrs. Reed s residues Jane away to Lowood Institution, an all girls school, where she spends the next eight years of her life. At the age of eighteen, Jane leaves Lowood and accepts the position as governess at Thornfield Hall. Mr. Rochester, the owner of Thornfield Hall, and Jane fall lifelessly in love and plan to get married, but little does Jane know, Mr. Rochester has a terrible secret that could ruin Janes life. Throughout the novel, the theme of deceit and dishonesty results in unhappiness and suffering not only to those being lied to, but also to those people perpetuating the untruths. In the beginning of Jane Eyre, Mrs. Reed tells the owner of Lowood Institution, Mr. Brocklehurst, that Jane has, a bad character, a deceitful disposition and to let everybody at Lowood know what she is, and what she has done (34). Jane already despises Mrs. Reed for treating her so poorly, but now she is infuriated. If Mr. Brocklehurst describes Jane as Mrs. Reed instructs him to do, Jane will never form friends at Lowood because all of the children will fear her. Jane battles back by saying to her aunt, I am glad you are no relation of mine. I will never call you aunt again as long as I live. I will never come to see you when I am openhanded up and if any one asks me how I liked you, and how you treated me, I will say the very thought of you makes me sick, and that you treated me with miserable cruelty (33). Jane... ...ugh in the end Jane and Mr. Rochester do get married, Jane is an emotionally battered character who has to look deep inside of herself to do what is best for her. This happens to people every day. They are hurt by dishonesty and deceitfulness. I t can ruin their lives unless they make the commitment to be honest with themselves and those around them. Bibliography Fraser, Rebecca. The Brontes. 1st ed. New York Crown Publishers, 1988. Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. 3rd ed. New York The Modern Library. Bronte, Charlotte. Charlotte Brontes earn. New York W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1971. Diedrick, James. Newman on the Gentleman. http//www.stg.brown.edu/projects/hypertext/landow/victorian/vn/victor10.html. Diedrick, James. Jane Eyre and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. http//spider.albion.edu/fac/engl/diedrick/jeyre1.htm.

Moral Law According To Kant Essay -- Morality Ethics Kant Philosophy E

Moral Law According To KantImmanuel Kant was a deontologist from Germany in the eithteenth century. He believed that the only test of whether a decision is right or wrong is whether it could be applied to every iodin. Would it be all right for everyone to do what you are doing? If not, your decision is wrong. It would be wrong, for example, to make a promise with the intention of breaking it because if everyone did that, no one would believe anyones promises. In ethics, Kant tried to show that doing ones duty consisted in following only those beliefs that one would accept as applying equally to all. Kant objects most of all to the principle that ones own happiness can be the ground of morality. He rejects this possibility because well-being is not always proportionate to virtuous behavior. By this I squiffy that one mans well being is not always universal to all. Most significantly, Kant renounces happiness as the principle of morality because it obliterates the specific disagreem ent between virtue and vices. Universality is the form of a moral law whereby all rational beings are subject to the same condition as the terra firma of morality. Kant argues that there can be principles for action that do not admit of exceptions, and that this occurs through practical reason. In other words, the possibility for morality does not hinge on the empirical world, but rather is a feature of the nature of the entity that is the ground for morality. Since all rational...

The Witches in MacBeth Essay examples -- Macbeth essays

The Witches in MacBeth Shakespe are utilized many sources of information when writing his plays. One of his sources for the witches in MacBeth was almost certainly Reginald Scots The Discoverie of Witchcraft, published in 1584. In his book, Scot refuted many of the common notions regarding witches and their powers nevertheless, the book created a basic outline for the typical witch, including physical descriptions and abilities. The witches in MacBeth are representations of those described in Scots book. In the play, Shakespeare describes authentic witches in their physical appearance and behavior and MacBeths character is made more villainous through his association with these howling(a) figures. Scot describes witches as being women which be comm totally old, lame, blearie-eied, pale, fowle, and full of wrinkles...They are leane and deformed, shewing melancholie in their faces, to the horror of all that see them (Scot 4). Basically, witches were thought to be poor old women with frightening appearances. Shakespeare obviously picks up on this notion, as the witches in the play are described as ugly old hags. During their first encounter with MacBeth and Banquo, Banquo is clearly scandalise by their appearance and questions whether they are human What are these, / So withered, and so wild in their attire, / That look not like th inhabitants o th earth (1.3.40-42). From Banquos description, it seems they are poor, as evidenced by their clothing, and old and unattractive because of their vile and wrinkled appearance. MacBeth later addresses them as secret, black, and midnight hags (4.1.48). This phrase also suggests that they are old and ugly women. Thus, these women fit th... ...ers. MacBeth is the only character to become closely associated with the witches. He acts on their revelations of the future, whereas Banquo does not. In allying MacBeth with the witches, Shakespeare makes MacBeth seem even more evil. After all, the wit ches are the devils servants, and by associating with the witches, he is indirectly associated with Satan. Therefore, it would deliver been very easy for Shakespeares audience to find him just as appalling as the witches themselves. Thus, one of the reasons for writing the witches into the play was to make MacBeth a more atrocious villain. Works Cited Scot, Reginald. The Discoverie of Witchcraft. Montague Summers Ed. Dover Publications New York, 1972. Shakespeare, William. MacBeth. Barbara Mowat and Paul Werstine Ed. Washington Square Press New York, 1992.

Emperor Justinian: Builder of the Byzantine Legend :: essays research papers fc

?The writing in Bold refers to the Works Cited page where the info came fromJustinian was a Byzantine Emperor who helped to revitalize the Byzantine pudding stone that would leave a lasting legacy for Western Civilization. During Justinian?fs reign, the Byzantine conglomerate was at a time of decline. With Justinian?fs visions, he was able to lay out a foundation that would help the Byzantine Empire live for many years to come.Justinian (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus) was born in 483 AD at Tauresium in Illyricum in the Balkans of what is now telephone exchange Europe. He was the nephew of Emperor Justin. His uncle Justin had passed over the duties of governing the Empire to his wife Lupicina, and nephew Justinian (Fortescue-Justinian I, Roman Emperor).Justinian worked hard and rose in his uncle?fs government. He studied in Constantinople and became consul in 521. He married his wife Theodora in 523 (Shelter)and rose to general-in chief of the Byzantine Empire in April 527. That same year, his uncle, Justin died and Justinian became the new Emperor (Fortescue-Justinian I, Roman Emperor).Justinian had dreamed of restoring the Roman Empire in Europe so he immediately set out to secure and expand the weakening Byzantine Empire(Norwich- A short circuit History of Byzantium,68). The altogether way Justinian could achieve his goal was by retaking control over the Western provinces that were once ruled by Rome (Fortescue- Justinian I, Roman Emperor). His first contend to conquest in the West was to end war in the Persian Empire. The two empires had been long time rivals in the Middle East and had battled often (Norwich-A Short History of Byzantium,27). During the 400?fs, both the Romans and the Persians struggled to cope with invasions from outside groups. But in 502, conflict re-ignited between them. From 502-505, the Byzantines, led by Justinian fought the Persians and then again from 527-532. This revisited conflict of warfare between the two rival emp ires ended when the Byzantines fought the Persians to a standstill and ordered them to accept a peace treaty (Whittow-Making of Byzantium,41).With peace now in the East, Justinian plant General Belisarius to lead an army and re-conquer the western Roman provinces(Fortescue-Justinian I, Roman Emperor). In 533, Belisarius?fs army smashed the Vandals and took over North African provinces and sent their King, Gelimer, back to Constantinople as a prisoner. In 535, the Byzantines overtook Sicily and then moved into Italy (Norwich-A Short History of Byzantium,68-69).

The Alamo :: essays research papers

Originally named Misin San Antonio de Valero, the Alamo served as home to missionaries and their Indian converts for closely seventy years. Construction began on the present site in 1724. In 1793, Spanish officials sectioned off San Antonios five missions and distributed their lands to the remaining Indian residents. These men and women continue to farm the fields once the missions but now their own and participated in the growing community of San Antonio. In the early 1800s, the Spanish military stationed a sawbuck unit at the former mission. The soldiers referred to the old mission as the Alamo (the Spanish word for "cottonwood") in honor of their hometown Alamo de Parras, Coahuila. The posts commander established the first record hospital in Texas in the Long Barrack. The Alamo was home to both Revolutionaries and Royalists during Mexicos ten-year struggle for independence. The military Spanish, Rebel, and then Mexican continued to occupy the Alamo until the Texas R evolution. San Antonio and the Alamo played a deprecative role in the Texas Revolution. In December 1835, Ben Milam led Texian and Tejano volunteers against Mexican troops quartered in the city. After five days of house-to-house fighting, they forced General plundern Perfecto de Cs and his soldiers to surrender. The victorious volunteers then occupied the Alamo already fortified prior to the battle by Cs men and strengthened its defenses. On February 23, 1836, the arrival of General Antonio Lpez de Santa Annas army outside San Antonio nearly caught them by surprise. Undaunted, the Texians and Tejanos prepared to defend the Alamo together. The defenders held out for 13 days against Santa Annas army. William B. Travis, the commander of the Alamo sent off couriers carrying pleas for help to communities in Texas. On the eighth day of the siege, a band of 32 volunteers from Gonzales arrived, bringing the number of defenders to nearly two hundred. Legend holds that with the possibilit y of additional help fading, Colonel Travis drew a line on the ground and asked any man willing to stay and fight to step over all ask out one did. As the defenders saw it, the Alamo was the key to the defense of Texas, and they were ready to give their lives rather than surrender their position to General Santa Anna. Among the Alamos garrison were Jim Bowie, renowned knife fighter, and David Crockett, famed frontiersman and former congressman from Tennessee.

The Alamo :: essays research papers

Originally named Misin San Antonio de Valero, the Alamo served as home to missionaries and their Indian converts for nearly seventy years. Construction began on the present site in 1724. In 1793, Spanish officials sectioned off San Antonios five missions and distributed their lands to the remaining Indian residents. These men and women continued to farm the fields once the missions but now their own and participated in the growing community of San Antonio. In the early 1800s, the Spanish military stationed a cavalry unit at the former mission. The soldiers referred to the old mission as the Alamo (the Spanish word for "cottonwood") in honor of their hometown Alamo de Parras, Coahuila. The posts commander established the first recorded hospital in Texas in the Long Barrack. The Alamo was home to both Revolutionaries and Royalists during Mexicos ten-year postulate for independence. The military Spanish, Rebel, and then Mexican continued to occupy the Alamo until the Texas Revolution. San Antonio and the Alamo played a critical role in the Texas Revolution. In December 1835, Ben Milam led Texian and Tejano volunteers against Mexican military personnel quartered in the city. After five days of house-to-house fighting, they forced General Marn Perfecto de Cs and his soldiers to surrender. The victorious volunteers then occupied the Alamo already fortified prior to the battle by Cs men and strengthened its defenses. On February 23, 1836, the arrival of General Antonio Lpez de Santa Annas army outside San Antonio nearly caught them by surprise. Undaunted, the Texians and Tejanos prepared to defend the Alamo together. The defenders held out for 13 days against Santa Annas army. William B. Travis, the commander of the Alamo sent forth couriers carrying pleas for help to communities in Texas. On the eighth day of the siege, a gang of 32 volunteers from Gonzales arrived, bringing the number of defenders to nearly two hundred. Legend holds that with the p ossibility of additional help fading, Colonel Travis drew a line on the ground and asked any man willing to stay and fight to step over all except one did. As the defenders saw it, the Alamo was the key to the defense of Texas, and they were ready to devolve their lives rather than surrender their position to General Santa Anna. Among the Alamos garrison were Jim Bowie, renowned knife fighter, and David Crockett, famed frontiersman and former congressman from Tennessee.

Mgt Syllabus

What about un estimable but moral? Which is more important to an validation, to be honest or moral? Why? What are ethics? How are individualised ethics different than backing ethics? Based on your work welcome, describe an ethical issue that you faced. What were the ethical implications surrounding that issue, if any? How was the issue resolved or how should it train been resolved? Does your organization have a written code of add? If so, how effective is this cook AT conduct 10 want extent ay you tank Tanat a cook AT conduct can Nell to define the ethical determine of an organization?How top executive a code of conduct policy reflect the personal ethics of the employees? What can a business do to put down the wishlihood of making unethical extirpateings ND creating more ethical problems? Think of an example of unethical behavior you have observed in a business setting. Was this behavior a result of an unethical person or an unethical organization? explain your answer. Week Two Organizational Values Read Chi. 14 of Business ethics. Read Chi. 8-10, up. 115-118, up. 138-142 of Managing business ethics. 2. Discussion Questions What is the relationship between organisational apprise and organizational culture?Does organizational culture influence organizational values more than organizational values influence organizational culture? Explain your answer. How do organizational values of your organization influence its conduct? How do your organizations values influence you? How magnate a small business owner, whose business has grown from an owner and operator to employing 12 people over several(prenominal) years, create the organizational culture and organizational values of the business? Consider that the aforementioned(prenominal) business has grown to employ 100 or more people over several more years.How might the approach to organizational culture and values change depending on the size of the organization? What is the relationship between org anizational values and personal values? Which of your personal values are embodied in your organization? How do employees personal values influence the conduct of your organization? What issues might come if employees personal values are significantly different from their employers organizational values? want Is winless-Doodling near want classmates malign an employee Low ten whistle on his or her employer?If the familiaritys top executive asked you to create a code of ethics policy for the company, what would you include? What approach would you use? Why would you select that approach? generate at least two examples of items you would include in your code of ethics and describe why they are important to your companys code. Think of a moral or ethical dilemma you experienced recently at work. What steps did you take to resolve the issue? In retrospect, how might you have handled the situation differently? How might this process be different if you were acting on behalf of the org anization?How might you have handled the situation differently if you were the CEO? Imagine you are a segment manager at a large pharmaceuticals company. You directly supervise 50 average and above average performing employees. Many employees on your team have been with the company for several years. Some recently hired employees, mostly women and minority groups, were hired to remedy the lack of diversity in the piece of work. Recent financial difficulties inside the company quire each division manager to reduce their workforce by 15%.Describe the process you would use to sustain this decision. How do you ethically Justify your decision? Do you think that you share the same ethical perspective as people who work with you? Explain your answer. Why is it important, or non, to share ethical perspectives in the workplace? What are the ethical standards for where you work? To what extent do you think that ethical perspectives may change over time? What factors might influence these c hanges? What is your experience working with or working for someone you felt had a much efferent ethical perspective than your own?How did you know when the two of you were approaching the same ethical dilemmas from different ethical perspectives? What was the outcome? How did your decisions or outcomes compare? Week Four Ethical and Legal Issues in Business course Agelessness Read Chi. 10 of Business ethics. Review Chi. 3, 8, & 10 of Managing business ethics. 2. somebody appointee morals Game Simulation Resource Ethics Game Simulation Complete the Ethics Game Simulation. Write a 700- to 1,050- word reflective Journal in which you answer the following questions What were the ethical issues presented in the simulation? What decision-making steps did you take to ethically address these issues? What ethical perspectives, or lenses, did you use to make your decisions in the simulation? How did these ethical perspectives, or lenses, influence your management decisions? How might con cepts from this simulation relate to your workplace? Do you think human resources (HRS) polices should govern ethical and legal issues? Why or why not? How might HRS policies govern unethical or illegitimate behavior? Do we need laws that enforce ethical codes? How might a situation in business be legal but unethical?How might a situation be ethical but illegal? Share an example from your own experience of HRS policies that address or encourage ethical practices. What is your commentary of a stakeholder? Which of the different stakeholder groups interests are the most important, and why? What ethical responsibilities does an organization have to different stakeholder groups? How might ignoring the needs of one stakeholder in favor of some other stakeholder affect the organization? Provide an example. Why might a business want to appeal more directly to a secondary stakeholder roof than the particular stakeholders?What advantages might there be in doing this? Why might a business want to appeal more directly to a group that is not a stakeholder group? In what types of situations might this make sense? What is the difference between a stakeholder group and a special interest group? chance on three examples of business or organizations in which you are a stakeholder. What makes you a stakeholder to these organizations? How are your views important to these organizations? Are your views aligned with the legal and ethical considerations of the organization? Explain your answer.Describe a time when another stakeholder groups views were in direct opposition of your views or the organizations flews. want napped Week Five Cross-cultural Ethics and Social responsibility Analyze ethically and socially amenable business practices across cultures. Read Chi. 18 & 21 of Business ethics. Read Chi. 1 1 of Managing business ethics. 2. Individual Assignment Final Examination Resources Business ethics and Managing business ethics Click the link to the Final Examination o n your student website available from the end of Week Four through the end of Week Five.Complete the Final Examination. You are allowed one attempt to complete the exam, which is timed and must be completed in 3 hours. Results are auto graded and sent to your instructor. Note. Final Examination questions are adapted from Business ethics and Managing business ethics. 3. Learning Team Assignment Ethical Organization Profile Write a 1,050- to 1,750-word paper in which your Learning Team explains a fictitious organizations ethics programs and overall ethical environment. name a fictitious organization. Describe the type of business, locations, size, and products or services offered. Write a value statement which includes Overall ethics of the organization Socially responsible business practices Write a basic code of conduct. take aim three of the following to include practices Workplace discipline Termination of employment Diversity anguish Family and personal issues Hiring Imagin e your organization NAS cellar to Deign operations In another coarse.Identify the country and answer the following questions What legal and ethical issues might your organization face with operations in that country? What stakeholder groups relevant to your organization would be affected by expanding operations into this new country? How might those groups influence he legal and ethical decisions your organization might make while expanding its operations? How might the legal and ethical issues faced in this country influence your organizations value statement and code of conduct? 4.Discussion Questions What must an organization consider from an ethical and socially responsible perspective before deciding to expand operations in other countries? How might an organization be considered ethical and socially responsible in its home country but not in the new country where they expanded operations? How might an organization balance varying views of ethical standards across cultures? Provide an example of a business currently addressing this issue and contend any personal experience you may have with these issues. How might ethical and social responsibility issues, such as community service or environmentally responsible practices, affect an organizations operations in different regions of the US? What must an organization consider when expanding operations to Omaha, Nebraska Santa Monica, California Montgomery, Alabama and Detroit, Michigan? Select two from the list to discuss in your response. Should a company vary its ethical and socially responsible business practices in different regions, even f laws which regulate the companys operations remain consistent across regions?Why or why not? What positive and negative outcomes might result from the choice the company makes about its ethical and socially responsible business practices in different regions? Imagine you are the marketing manager for a product you use daily, like gourmet coffees or paper towels, and you are selected to introduce the product to a new international market. What ethical or social responsibility issues, such as sustainability and fair trade, might you face when introducing the product to that raked? How might you overcome these issues?Name the product and the international market in your response. If your company plans to expand operations in a country known for human rights violations and sweatshop labor practices, what might you do to assure the media that the organization is committed to fair wages and running an honest, ethical pulverization? Would you consider choosing to open the factory elsewhere to prevent the media attaching the companys name to other companies that have abused and exploited ten workers Tort canap largo winy would you make tens console?

A Cinematographic Vampire’s Tale: Understanding the Symbolism Behind the Horror Icon

Cinema is the arrange where we as viewers engage in sharing a collective dream. Certainly, horror delineations enrich us as viewers with the most dream-like of plots. This is because they open a portal into another world where we ar every(prenominal)owed to engage with our nightm bes. All over time various horror movies denominate us how normality is endangered by a monster, save the zoology who has haunted the screen like no maven is undoubtedly the lamia. According to Ivan Phillips the watch of the Vampire has drifted and shifted through the pages of newspapers, travel journals, novels, poems, comics, and plays for 300 years, it has haunted cinema and television for almost a hundred, its shadow is creeping into the social, narrative and ludic net black markets of the digital. The image of the Vampire is constantly move over in the virtual and literature culture of the twenty-first ampere-second. Although this being moved from its folkloristic origins in which he appeared in works of J. Sheridan Le Fanu, bathroom Polidori and Bram Stoker, the lamia still remains an iconic figure in Western Culture.This personage furnishs paradoxical fascination as it exists at the edges of what is deemed normal, acceptable and safe, the lamia embodies the discloseside and the unfamiliar. Although, the lamia is often seen as a bringer of death, there are numerous metaphorical meanings and readings of this being. by dint of Marxist discourse the vampire is portrayed as the monster of monopoly capitalism and the agent of foreign ownership. This idea of the bloodsucking capitalist is perceived in a negative way the Marxist community.In a xenophobic society this idea of the vampire embodies a general fear of the unfamiliar and whitethorn as well as constitute a racial difference. But the vampire not only represents the non-con constituteity it also alludes to an illicit desire. According to Jorg Waltje, this being is the embodiment of humanitys hopes and desires beauty, strength, and immortality. Although these elements do not sway fear in the same way as the vampires link with death but in the same manner they express an external behaviour which puts at risk societys st capacity.The vampire hints to a scent out of un mickletlement. Through his figure the viewer, in a quite troubled sense, comes face-to-face with the dramatization of humanity. As a creature, the vampire encompasses mens vulnerability and his inability to alter the laws of time. As Sarah Sceats states Vampires represent what we both fear and desire they evoke a marginal world of darkness, secrecy, vulnerability, excess, and horror. Whatever they are, it is positively Other. This stamp of excess was also tackled by Omar Calabrese in one of his chapters.According to Calabrese one could only escape from a closed system through this belief of excess. The vampire represents this excess as he personifies those aspects excluded or rejected by society, its existence in itself de notes excess. In addition to this, Calabrese associates this vampiric excess to the exotic erotic which alludes to the s evokedal and breaks the boundaries of what is socially acceptable. In this sense the vampires pang is linked with the erotic. Further to this explicit erotic act we view an unavoidable act with death.It was Bram Stoker which explored this notion in his novel Dracula. In the scene, where Lucy dies we see an profuse use of the erotic She seemed like a nightmare of Lucy as she lay there the pointed teeth, the bloodstained, voluptuous m bulgeh which it do one shudder to see the exclusively carnal and unspiritual appearance, seeming like a devilish mockery of Lucys sweet purity. Through this, Bram Stolker illustrates us with an example of how death is linked to the erotic. The notion of excess is repetitively used and reused by Stolker. In fact, he describes Lucy as a nightmare hich it made one shudder to see As viewers, as spud enthusiasts or as junkies of th e silver screen, we have grown accustomed to think that nothing happens outside of the frame. Yet this idea seems to crumble to the ground when it comes to Dreyers, Vampyr. The latter haunts us with a distinctly innerving sense of not knowing where anyone is, creating a feeling that anything culd be happening beyond the frame, in the blind space in which the monsoter lurks. Visually speaking, Vampyr resembles jean Epsteins La Chute de la Maison de Usher and Bunuels Un Chien Andalou.Dreyers horror movie encapsulates clear moments of crossover between the two movements. Therefore Vampyr distinguished itself from other movies of the same writing style because of the various artistic influences which left their imprint. Comparison can also be drawn between more contemporary movies which are not necessarily classify under an artistic movement but which are still relevant to vampire studies. Coppolas movie is separated by decades from its predecessors and is more straight forward in th e narration of chargets.Visual metaphors are central to its get hold ofic structure and the American directors interpretation is completely submerged in blood, but while this film is heavily conditioned by an erotic element, the scenes of blood in Vampyr are scarce. The spots of blood carry psychoanalytic connotations. Barbara Creed states that the manifestation of horror is culturally and socially constructed through the images of blood, vomit, pus. shit etc. These images emphasize a split between the law of the father and the maternal influence. This division has to be viewed under a pre-Oedipal quarter of thought.In this stage there is a fierce attachment to the maternal figure. In Dreyers vampire movie, blood is linked to the maternal entity because Chopin punctuates the flesh and transgresses the sanctity of the be. Another overwhelming point stated by Creed is that the female vampire does not limit herself to mutating her victims into creatures which are one with the nigh t. Her victims are testimony of the vampires ability to destabilize traditional gender definitions. Although lesbian connotations are often attributed to this particular flick, there is no real intimacy between Leon and Chopin.The scene in which Chopin feeds upon her junior prey, does not communicate a sense of desire. The village doctor who is at the service of Chopin, does not coincide with the medical man who represents a positive force in the traditional gothic horror narrative. In Coppolas Dracula, based on Bram Stockers novel, Van Helsing is an educated individual and an adversary to the malevolent vampire. The doctor sucks the blood from the alimentation thanks to the transfusion equipment notwithstanding as Chopin uses fangs. The victim of the doctors bloodsucking, artificial technique is grizzly.He is the character who often looks at the actions taking place by standing(a) behind doors or windows he is an outsider peering in. In fact, colour is removed from the narrati ve action even as he witnesses the first death. David Bordwell believed that Gray is a curious character and he is more of a mediator than a provocateur of action. However, Gray still possesses an active and enunciating gaze. This male characters get up is often hindered by other characters, by the props and also by buildings. What is so overwhelming about Vampyr is the collision between reality and the supernatural.Everything seems to take place within a dream-like state and the movie is ephemeral, polysemic and shifting, provoking opinion and polarising debate. The movie afflicts the viewer with dissonance and discomfort, especially when our gaze meet Chopins stare as Gray is sealed in the coffin. The latter is an artefact which shares an endless tradition with the general notion of vampirism. It is the space where these beings retreat and hide away from the daylight. The coffin is the body-fitting nook where Dracula and enumerate Orlock patiently wait their time to rise while the vessel is sailing.This tomb or repository is the most vampiric of all enclosure. Gray finds himself trapped in a coffin and at this point in the movies chronology, the spectatorial gaze is doubly trapped, within the confines of a sealed coffin and the unflinching dead body. As the coffin containing Grays corpse is being carried away, the procession passes next to Grays unconscious body. In Vampyr, the element of the doppelganger has a heavy resonation. Vampyr is venerated amongst lovers of the genre even though movie makers throughout those years did not have the present technological resources.Old, B&W, silent movies may seem alien in form and content to upstarter generations, moreover what nearly of these past flicks embody inextinguishable artistic and human values. Weve already drawn remarks on Coppolas remake of Bram Stockers narrative work into film. Long before the release of this movie, the most haunting of any attempt to dramatize Bram Stockers novel was Murnaus Nos feratu. There is a vehement resemblance between Murnaus vampire and the one lurking in the book. What is it that viewers find so terrifying about Nosferatu?Is it the vampires appearance and inhuman gestures? Does he embody the general notion that we fear whatever we cannot explain or understand through rational thought process? As consumers, for there is no better way to call old(prenominal) movie enthusiasts, we ought to dig deeper and deeper into the sequence of images. Most of the time denotations come with connotations and it is up to us to fish out such hidden meanings. The imagery in Murnaus movie suggests the concept of repression and the arch is a visual leit motif in the film.Arches and similar structures try to stop the vampire from emerging. Count Orlock is therefore a repressed force who is also linked to Jonathan via these same arches. In a memorable scene in the movie, the Count emerges from under an arch and Jonathan from another as they meet for the first time. Jo nathan is also linked to the menacing creature through the house which stands on the opposite side to his. Count Orlock purchases this house, thus becoming the young mans objurgation. Jonathan is a loving companion to Nina while Nosferatu becomes a demonic alternative husband.Nosferatu contains numerous references to a number of traditional or cultural elements. Myths about Persephone and Orpheus also produce an echoing effect through this vampire movie. Nosferatu was not meant to float in its own air bubble, separated from all other influences and ideas. Murnau transfuses into the motion picture the product of a synthesis. This adaptation of Dracula, which donated to all lovers of the horrific this thin, repulsively bald being, dates back to the heyday of expressionist conjuration.What come into collision are the natural and the fantastic. These two distant realms are central to Nosferatu yet neither dominates the film. The viewer cannot but notice the obsession with scan space and the obrusive sets. Like Tabu, Nosferatu is primarily set in natural surroundings and both of Murnaus movies deal with a menace. The latter diffuses into an ordinary world and out of a fantastic, paranormal world. Nosferatu portrays an animal-like being (a mixture between a rat and a human skeleton) who is constantly associated with nature throughout the film.Even Count Orloks movements does not coincide with those of a human being , in fact even his castle is like a natural continuation of the oscillate thus the true protagonist in Nosferatu is Nature which is closely linked with its natural settings. In Nosferatu, Murnau used a sort of trick photography also with expressionist angle shots. As Gilberto Perez Guillermo suggests these specific techniques are used to illustrate a remote, fragmented and bizarre environment. Nosferatu is generally seen from distance and this gives us the impression that the nocturnal creature is merging itself with the surrounding nature.Murnau suc ceeded into creating an iconic- power image through which he shows Nosferatu as seemingly immensely tall. In particular the scene where the vampire is standing on the deck of the vessel which is no longer conducted by a human being. Murnau makes also the use of the negative image, this technique is ideal to express mystery, fantasy, and unreality. This negative image basically involves an X-ray photograph, in this film it was used when Jonathan was being carried into the land of phantoms in Count Orlocks weird carriage.The three movies which have been discussed so far are all based on similar, if not identical, themes. In each case the relationship between the female character and the sponge represented by the vampire is at the heart of the movies plot. Guillermo del Toro took on a different approach and directed a vampire movie which derailed from the norm set up by the previously discussed films. Narrative-wise, Cronos ignores the myth of the Count and focuses on a device that ca uses transformations to take place within the main characters physique.The Cronos looks like an insect which shares some sort of a mutual parasitic relationship with its victim. Apart from a different take on the blood-sucking creatures myth, Cronos proposes characters which are marked by an implied absence. Del Toros movie might represent a nostalgic look at the past in the sense that the long-gone years receive a physical dimension be to the present. The main character in this Mexican Gothic is a perfect illustration of this notion. deliveryman Gris is the purveyor of antiques and guardian of the new dawn the latter being Aurora.What distinguishes Jesus Gris with Dieter de la Guardia, the dying industrialist who is aware of the Cronos true nature and powers are there past scars which must be dealt with in modern times. On the one overhaul the scars of Jesus are related to family life while on the other Dieter de la Guardia is at the mercy of an ailing health. Above all else, t he Cronos is a interest hybrid of science and nature and the golden case is said to hold an insect which lives off human blood. In return the creature rejuvenates its bearer and prolongs his life, violent death off the threat posed by corruptible, material flesh.The device is needed by de la Guardia because it surpasses the technology of modern times. Only the Cronos can discover what technology has failed in. There also lies a fine parallelism between de la Guardia and the angels statue. The mans body is full of holes just like the archangels interior which is infested by cockroaches and if the statue reminds us of the divine, the deteriorating human body indicates an inevitable ending. Erotism is a stranger to the films plot, yet del Toros work delves into universal dreams, such as eternal youth and the conflict between life and death.Jesus caries the device while de la Guardia holds the instructions Jesus is the unsuspecting individual who comes across an artifact of mysteriou s powers and who ends owning itself to it. The Cronos dehumanizes him and his need for human blood becomes more prominent as the film unfolds. entirely as the insect feeds upon the blood of the devices holder, the latter ends up developing an appetite for human blood. Viewers have grown accustomed to having a female figure within vampire stories. Whether the woman is a prey, a victim or an object of desire, she has been instrumental to Draculas and Vampyrs storyline.In Cronos, Aurora plays the role of the love interest for which the monster must make his sacrifice. Transformation and shifting of form does not limit itself to Jesus metamorphosis, but it also manifests itself in the relationship between the vampire and the female figure. The erotism is replaced by an innocent, filial love. Contrasting and comparing characters and plots allows us to point out what is present in one movie and absent in another. some(prenominal) characters from different filmic works may share the same attributes or characteristics, while others may interpret the same role but in a totally different manner.The so-called assistant, the faithful follower who is at the service of his master, is present in all four films discussed so far. However Angel, the nephew of de la Guardia, is not as submissive as Renfield and the village doctor. Angels mode of thinking is simply capitalistic. He yearns for his uncles wealth and represents the cynical angel. In contemporary popular culture the power of the vampires bite did not vanish but in some manner it did change. We can see this notion through the creation of diverse pop culture vampires such as Angel and Spike in the series Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997-2003).These modern vampires have been desexualized and de-victimized because they only obtain and drink blood from butchers. Now the vampire is made more human and this highlights the fact that contemporary vampires have a more mundane appearance. In the new millennium the vampire seeme d to have changed from a creature of fear to a creature of sympathy and emulation. This is made more evident in online discourse about the vampire. As argued by bloody shame Williamson in her book Lure of the Vampire, in the virtual world the vampire is perceived as a forgivable outcast and thus we sympathize with him.In Facebook, a social network used by millions in the world the presence of this being is very strong. Through one particular operation called Vampire application we see several imitations of the folkloric tradition of the vampire. This application is diffused from one exploiter to another via a virtual bite. During this process a user is sent an invitation to enrol himself to such application, were the user gets to interact with other individuals who share their interest and curiosities about this subject.Users get to fight other vampires, fill their hunger or feed upon weaker vampires. Once cravings for this so called virtual-violence are stated by many, users can also send gestures such as hugs to their nearest companions. Feeding and fighting are the highlight of this application were vampires get points and money for doing so which than they can be exchanged for weapons or to improve their senses or powers . In this application placing someone in a suit will result in losing all their fights for two consecutive days, which is quite a deal breaker.This application also embraces violence amongst friends. Some of the many options this application boasts are the way one can attack another throughout the Facebook community. This application is filled with the erotic this notion solidifies the traditional elements of the transgressive vampire. At each and every single level the vampires abilities achieves a new rank and this creates a new type of vampire. As noticed by Mary Williamson in the virtual world this being is not perceived as an outcast but rather a fundamental figure through which players communicate. In the online world the vampires have become a part of a different ritual, a social ritual by which relationships and friendships are maintained and expanded. In this application, what used to frighten about this creature is eliminated and instead it is accepted. In fact, with the loss of penetration of the bite the vampire is de-sexualized and sanitized. According to Calabrese, the vampire represents only a slight alteration beyond what is socially accepted and thus it represents the shifting of limits. When confronted by an acceptable excess, the limit is simply moved (perhaps to a considerable distance) in order to absorb it.When in the virtual world, elements like blood and the penetration of the bite are removed the virtual vampire becomes the monster that is us. In the twentieth century, sympathy for this being has grown bigger. In fact as stated by Williamson, this being has generated new implications and attitudes towards the self in the twentieth century. There is a great desire to imitate the vampire not as a rebellious figure but rather to imitate a bohemian outsiderdom which locates the individual as the desirable outsider, the sympathetically alienated. In the virtual context perception of the self becomes fluid and flexible.As it is no longer linked with the body but it is highly linked with the fulfilment of desires. In this sense identity is constructed as one desires. The virtual identity can be understood through the Lancian psychoanalytic theory. In the online world the virtual identity is not reflected but is rather constructed the subject is not created in the reflection but rather in the digital composite. This leads us to do a parallelism between the vampire and the virtual identity. According to Shannon Winnubst, the site represents the mirror reflection in which an individual forms and constructs his ideas about the self.On the other hand the vampire in lacking a mirror reflection, does not even register on the radar of identity-formation he does not have the necessa ry condition for the possibility of becoming a subject. Also Rhonda Wilcox explored this theme using the inventive Id and the Jungian shadow. According to Wilcox the online body represents the negative aspect of ones personality. In this manner the vampire is portrayed as the doppelganger of the victim before it was biten. Stokers Lucy and Angel in Buffy are the perfect examples,Stokers Lucy from chaste to ripely erotic, or perhaps the souled and soulless incarnations of Angel in Buffy so too does the virtual body provide opportunity for the vampiric shadow to find form in cyberspace. As stated by Wilcox, the imaginative Id illustrates the unconscious which is repressed and which encourages the pre-vampiric identity to free itself. In this sense online where the personality is fluid the wishes of the Id can be fulfilled as there are no repercussions which constitute some sort of restriction in the corporeal world. When talking about horror movies there is a subtle difference betwe en the onster and the human being. But as indicated in films by Dreyer, Murnau, Coppola and Guillermo del Toro a strong link exists between the two beings. The myth and the vampire have always been subjects of debates. Although there are number of similarities and differences between Vampyr and Nosferatu yet both films show us the vampire as being more than just a blood sucking, nocturnal creature but it is also the representation of the darkest corners of the human psyche For this is one of the functions of our monsters to help us constrict our own humanity, to provide guidelines against which we can define ourselves.

The Old Age Home

THE OLD AGE HOME Preface In Western Country, Old stand alongd person stay in approximately(prenominal)(a)time(a) home is a common incident, but for our country, it is non natural because Bangladesh is a family bonding country. People present like to stay together. But increasing with modern facilities, people direct prefer to hypothesise only for themselves & their onetime(a) aged p arnts seems burden to them & they try to get rid from them. For that reason the number of Old homes atomic number 18 increasing daytime by day. Mission & Vision of this project The main mission of the project is to increasing awareness between the young generation for not to leave their parents on in the time of their need.We necessitate to make them conscious in this sense that, if they leave their parents along on their need, angiotensin-converting enzyme day they likewise must be leave by their lovely children without any reason. The letter posted in e very w tout ensemble of old home i s causen bellow pic If we successfully give the gate increase awareness between people, the Rang on Old age home living people must be decrease & our countries family bonding being affectionate once again. By this project we tummy make better relationship between us & the old people. We fuck to know about their flavor style & easily prepared ourselves for our future. IT helps us in many ways.Description & Roles of the old age home Above 60 up ages men/women who are helpless, unable to earn anymore, who has no place to live, whose sons /daughter are able to look after them but dont take care of them or who has no child or kit-kin . in a word who are helpless in financi each(prenominal)y /soci tout ensembley like this old men /women, they stay at old age home with the help of government or any non-government organization. In Bangladesh, there are four old age home. one government, one semi-govt. & 2 non- govt. The old home we visited is situated at Bishia Kuribari Monipur ( hotapara) in joydebpur, Gazipur.The organizer of this old-aged home is the biggest Givency group, which is spread all over Gazipur district. With this many social well-fare work, the Old Aged home is one of them. The Total land area is about 24 Acres. The environment of old home is quiet and evergreen. There are a tin-shed edifice and three 5-stored building for the old men & women. pic By the old age home superintendent / caretaker and the list of old men/women, we came to know, at present there are 205 old men/women among them 93 old men and 112 old women.At first, we talked with some old men/women then they inform us that here they survive their rest life with some given rice. The old people get food in time. They similarly inform that, when they become seek there is a medical unit of measurement for treatment where has experienced doctor, two nurses and others officers and staff. The old age home put for them a noble/great treatment. There is a TV room and a common room for e ntertainment. They can use those rooms anytime. There are newspapers and books for passing leisure time. There is also a prayer room all reserve to pray at time.But for living there, they (old men/women) need not to pay. Admission requirement Above 60 years old. They check to be literal helpless. They have to be able to walk without anyone help. They have to be mentally strong. They have to be able to do own walk. They have to neat and clean. They have to attend the prayer regularly. Smoking is not allowed in this institution. The facilities which are given from the institution, nobody can want more than that. For religious festival they can get vacation for two times in a year, visitors can meet with them anytime. Description of our visitMay 31st, 2012, the first day, we started our journey from varsity campus at 11. 00 A. M. That day was atomic number 90 and our class finished at 1040 A. M. At first, we went station road by our varsity campus at 31/05/2012. That day was Thursday and our class finished at 1040 a. m. at first we went station road by our varsity bus. thence we went to Hotapara, Gazipur by public transport. Then we went to Bishia Kuribari Monipur by auto-rickshaw. After 30 min we reached to the old age home. Then we talked with gatekeeper for permission to enter into the old age home. They took us to the office of caretaker and told to posture there until he came.After half an hour the caretaker came to the office and asked what we want, where we from. Then we told him that we are from a varsity, name IUBAT. And we wanted to visit the old age home and also wanted to meet with the old people who live there. Then he refused us. He said student entering is not allowed without permission of authority. Then he gave us the cell number of the authority. Then we phoned the authority for permission. After requesting a lot, he permitted us to visit the old age home but not allowed to talk with any old people, also not allowed to take any p icture. After that, he sent a guard with us.We really become very surprised to see the whole area. Its really very large. The total Land area is 24 acres. Its filled with green trees. Many kinds of fruits & flowers are there. The authority use jar for keeping water cool. This water mainly naturally purified by natural purifying system. There are almost 5 ponds in the campus. & fisheries is available almost all ponds. Authority also grows different vegetables & seeds there for ensuring all campus members good health. Prayer room, park, Hospital allthing is available in the campus. Their also have big grave place for the time after their death.Mainly for Those person, who become death in this area & whose family not came to receive his dead-body after death. Over all the whole campus is nicely maintained by The Givency Group. Their Old age home project is really a non- profitable, helpful project for our general people. For visiting again the campus & talk with old persons, we need p ermission of the Authority. For that reason, we first approve an application by our course instructor & went to the main office of old home (sector-9, Uttara) for desire permission. A format of that application is attached with this main documentAfter getting permission, we went there 2ndtime, in the same way. After reach there, we went to the caretakers room. We pose them the application & request him to give us a chance for talking with the old people who are interested. By seeing the permission paper, He gave a chance to entering there but not allowed taking any mobile or camera. We agreed him and leave the camera and mobile. In that day we got two hours to stay with the old people. We all members enjoyed that day a lot. Some old men and women were so happy to see us. But the guard didnt give us the chance to talk with everyone.They knew who are interested and who are not interested to talk with us. We talk with them who are interested to talk. In this day some old men and wom en told us to go again to meet with them. Fillings on their family absence Almost all the people, who live in the old age home, have a family. They have children, they have grandchildren. But they are living here without their any of family members. Though they are here but they think about their family every moment. Though their family members are not careful about them, but they wish a happy life for their family. They also pray for their family.They always miss them all. They think if they are with their family. A conversation between an old char and our group member Angkan kanti paul An old woman called Angkan near her with smiley face Angkan As-salamualykum. Woman oalaikum-assalam, who are you? & What do you want? Angkan I am Ankan, I want to know about you. I am here to see you, for outlay a few(prenominal) unforgettable times with you. Have you few times for me? Woman Im fine. I have a grandson as like as you. Angkan Im also your grandson. Woman No. Because after leave me here he never come back for see me. But you come. Where is my grandson?He doesnt come to me and he doesnt hug me anymore. After this conversation the old woman started to cry and went inside the room. Refreshment for them On that day we got few times for spending with them. We did something for their mind refreshment. There was a few man and woman sitting beside garden, we joined with them. We asked about their health. After some time our one guest call a song. They were happy with us. We walked some area with them. On the way they said some story of their life. After telling story of their life they became upset. When we understood that we told some jokes of our varsity life.We dont know when we took place in their mind, when we told we have to go right now, they became upset and told us to come again to meet them. We all became also upset for them. They told us some sort story of their life. One Story of a woman given below One old woman told as about her life story, how she cam e there. She had one son and one daughter. Her husband was a govt. employer. After her husband died she reared her son and daughter. She gave her daughter marry. Her son got a blood in privet farm. Then her son got marry. After half a year her sons wife started to rude with her.One day her son came to her and told her that he depart go outside with her for visiting a park. She was so happy. She got ready and started journey with her son. Her son brought her here. It is like a nice park so she didnt understood. One time her son told her to seat in the park, and told that he is going for few moments, he will be back. But he didnt back. Even he never met with his mother again. What we have learned from them? We learn from them that in the last symbolize of life they are passing their time with full of sorrows, because they are the leave out person of their family. For this reason, they suffer in the long run.Only they know, living without family, how much painful. We also learn th at we do not separate our mother, father, grandmother, grandfather in the last stage of life, because they reared us with love. We will not send them to old age home. We try to feel there sorrows by standing on their present condition & promised us by ourselves that we never ever leave our parents alone in old home. We stay with our parents till their last breath. Limitations of our Project For completing our project we face few obstacles & there also have few limitations, because in Old home, The Authority doesnt permit us to talk freely with older.In old home, members are not living happily, if we asked them emotional questions, they become sad. For that reason, we try to talk with them very smartly but not freely. Though Authority gives them all facilities, they also have some limitations. Its a institution not home, & Older are not fully satisfied with this types of facilities. But maintaining good quality of food & shelter they cant improved the quality for making it best. Abst racted Actually no one become happy in his life. But old people who lived in old home are really suffer a lot at their last stage of life.There life is full with sorrows & the pain for not getting happiness. Though their relatives leave them alone, they always pray for their good wish. In their last stage of life they only want to see their lovely childs face for last time. Its really shame for us that, we cant take those persons responsibilities by whom, we came in this beautiful world. They all live here together like family, but this is not their real family. Actually without children they spend their life not happily. They dont want to live long, they only want a happy Ending of their life.

College Life of Single Students versus College Life of Married Students Essay

The college tone of single students is overmuch easier on different levels as comp atomic number 18d with the college life of wed students. A absolute majority of people are of the assumption that when married and in college, your kind life provide go down the gutter. While this is true to some extent, it paints a uncool picture of the whole idea of marrying term in college. For a college-going single student and a college-going married student, their chances of learning are all the same. The difference, however, comes in with issues of residence, social life, hardships, university experience, and issues of finance. When these issues are compared between a married and single college going student, the fact remains that creation single while in college offers a hook of opportunities to the student. College life of single students is generally less-stressful compared to college life of married students.The process of gaining scholarships or college fiscal aid is difficult fo r married students than for single students. Single students watch a much easier access to scholarships as they are taken as students without a flowing income. In registering for fiscal aid, they will only have to state their parents income. However, for married students the situation is different. The government ceases recognizing the couple as under their parents. They are now indep oddityent individuals. They, therefore, state their spouses income as a prerequisite for receiving government financial aid (campusexplorer.com). In addition, financial aid for married students does not come easy as various regulations are channelized for them to acquire a add or aid. Unlike single students, married students will have to account for every dollar they will receive, and they are required to write this down on the application form. This is despite the fact that the financial aid handed down to them caters for only a marginal portion of their financial needs. Single students rarely empl oy their full financial aid in education, and some are used elsewhere. Money handed to them by their parents also for purposes of coach related expenses is quietly amused to some other cause that the parent does not know about. It is safe to assume that they are given too much cash that they do not know what to do with the rest. Lastly, on the issue of financial reliability, it is easier for married college students to call-off a semester for lack of college fees. It is super acid that married college students rarely rely on their parents for monetary needs. being mature, fetching they are married, they are allowed their bare(a)dom. Hence, the majority of them face a stumbling block when it comes to raising fees for their academic needs. However, for single students, excluding those that are financially independent, they have fewer chances of quitting schooltime or taking a semester off. They are funded by their parents and completely rely on them for academic as well as othe r financial needs. This makes their chances of suspending school slim to none.A married life in college is full of hardships as compared with a single life. A married life in college is not as rosy as a single college life this considering the many responsibilities heaped upon married individuals. unite individuals rarely come upon time to engage in the idle activities that or so single individuals have as they are busy handling issues that come with getting married (andybox.com). Some married individuals have to concentrate on their families, find alternate ways of getting income, spend time with their spouses or generally spend time at home reading or researching. At the end of doing all these activities, they are expected to regularly attend classes. On the other hand, a number of single students often find a haul of free time at their disposal. They have no urgent issues to attend to, thus mostly live a freer lifestyle compared with their married counterparts. For those that are married while in college and have a kid to look after, life is too hard. Having a child and still have to juggle between going to classes and taking care of the younger one is one hardship that a majority of married couples finds it hard to bear. Women especially are denied that one chance that most mothers daring not miss, to bond with the child so when classes are over, they have to rush back at home. Men too as fathers, join in the activity. They will rarely miss being at home with their children. Single college-going students, of course, have no such(prenominal) hardships that take their total attention and time. Another hardship common of college going married couples is accommodation. Mostly, accommodation within the campus is preferred by single students that have no issue sharing rooms with total strangers. For married couples, this is unacceptable for they will prefer off-campus accommodation where they can comfortably live with their spouses. In some cases, most mar ried couples live far off campus and have to baffle or commute to school on a daily basis which can be hectic for a majority. The issue here is not being provided with on-campus accommodation, but rather the fact that they have to lose hours driving, a period of time they can otherwise expend doing useful class work.A married life in college is socially limiting. Most married men or women in campus are in a life of their own. They have a lot to think about and many places to be at the same time that they rarely have time to socialize or engage in events that hunt down within the school. It is acceptable considering that they have families to think about (campusexplorer.com). On the other hand, single students are everywhere quite literally. They are to be found in whatever events that happen on the campus whether academic or not. This places their socializing level at an extreme high. Secondly, since most married couples stay off-campus, they live in solitude to the going-ons wit hin campus. Once class breaks, the majority will rush to their cars and zoom off campus only to reappear in the next class. This gives them a limited time to interact with the students or with the campus environment. For single college students, however, their whole campus life is within the campus. Although they may take some time during the day off-campus, they mostly spend their day intimate the campus since they live there. While in campus, they interact with their fellows and also the campus environment, and in the process getting to know more about their college and the students in general. Such knowledge escapes those that are married. Lastly, there exists a notion among most students that married students are boring or are not hype given they are like our parents or are taken. This rumor has made most married students being given the cold shoulder or just plain avoided. Their interaction with the students in such a case has been hindered by the attitude the students hold to wards them just because they are married (andybox.com). For the single students, however, they highly socialize amongst themselves. Some believe that college is the best place to get a suitable wife or husband hence, if one is not married, one should expect to be accorded a lot of attention by the students of the opposite sex.In conclusion, single life on campus is easier compared with married life. Single life in college offers freedom while when married, one has to juggle a lot of responsibilities. For married individuals, attending college can be stressful considering that they have to drive daily to school, they have to balance school and family, and at the same time have to think about money to pay bills back at home. In addition to this, married students have a difficult time getting financial assistance and when they do, the money is regulated. This occurs while single students are sponsored by the government and their parents or guardians, hence have enough money at their di sposal, have zip fastener but books to think about, and generally have sufficient time to interact with their friends, peers, and environment in campus. With this in mind, I recommend that students rethink their stand on early marriage. Considering the discussion, students should choose to marry and settle once they have completed their degree or their course on campus. This is in light of the fact that they capability make their experience in college hard to go by should they choose an early marriage and continues their course while married.ReferencesAndyBox.com. Students who Marry. Nov 1999. Web Dec 4 2014. Retrieved from http//www.andybox.com/?page_id=74Campus Exlorer. Married College Students. 2014. Web Dec 4 2014. Retrieved from http//www.campusexplorer.com/college-advice-tips/CF0064F6/Married-College-Students/Source document

Dell vs. Hp Performance & Finanical Analysis

fiscal Analysis Common-Size Analysis Common-Size Income Statement Analysis The common- coat income direction for dingle shows a relatively flat history for cost of goods change compared to sales from 82. 27% in 2006 to 82. 49% in 2010. dingles quint division full for cost of goods sold to sales was 82. 23%, which is bit high(prenominal) than HP cost of goods sold to sales five year second-rate of 75. 96%. This in turn gives HP higher(prenominal) gross receipts than dingle most likely with means of obtaining raw materials and goods at put down costs, giving HP greater ability for an increased profit margin.This increased profit margin can allow for HP to offer more discounts indeed dingle may be able to afford, or increase spending in areas of investment for the company. Another area of pertain within the common size income statement is related to selling, general and administrative to sales. Overall through the years 2006 to 2010, Dell saw an increase in this area gr owing from 9. 05% in 2006 to 12. 22% in 2010. Meanwhile, HP experienced the exact opposite impression, with this category declining from 12. 29% in 2006 to 9. 99% in 2010. According to Dells annual report, the study increase was due to the acquisition of Perot Systems.It withal appears that over the last five years, Dells strategy of products directly to customers has been adopted by many competitors, allowing the competitors to shine some of their overhead and commissions paid to retailers, all the while increasing sales. In the very(prenominal) time span as competitors partially adopted the strategy that do Dell prominent, Dell began to place more products in retail stores to compete directly on the front lines with its competition, as menti mavind in their Managements interchange and Financial Analysis meetings.This approach FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF DELL AND HP has caused a good percentage of the sales revenue to go to retailers and distributors, thus strive the ability to maximize net income for the present. Research, development and engineering for Dell as a percentage to sales were 0. 82% in 2006 and slightly grew to 1. 18% in 2010. HP research, development and engineering to sales is roughly 3 times the heart and soul that Dell dedicated however, HP has drawdown their research, development and engineering to sales from 3. 92% in 2006 to 2. 35% in 2010.The five year average in this category for Dell was 0. 99% and HP was 3. 04%. Even with HPs some(prenominal) higher research, development and engineering to sales percentage than Dell, HP has a higher in operation(p) expense, but since their cost of goods sold to sales is lower, it gives HP the border in producing a higher operating income than Dell. Overall net income to sales decreased for Dell throughout 2006 to 2010, with a major decrease happening in 2010 and overall having a five year average of 4. 51%. In 2006 the net income to sales was 6. 46%, then in 2009 it dropped to 4. 6%, but in 20 10 was when the major drop happened, resulting in net income being just 2. 71%. The main contributor to the drop in net income to sales was from operating expenses, with one component being the increase in research, development and engineering, but the primary increase coming from the selling, general and administrative category. Increased operating expenses are meditative of Dells push of broadly branching out into the retail market. HPs net income to sales remained flat during the same time span, with a five year average of 6. 88%.The basically net zero increase in net income can be attributed to the stinting downturn, and its rippling effect on customers. Common-Size Balance Sheet Analysis The common-size balance tag end of Dell reflects a flowing assets to total assets five year average of 74. 91% and shows a short edge liabilities to total liabilities and stockholders equity five year average of 63. 72% covering years 2006 to 2010. Dells current assets and current liabiliti es both decreased from 2006 to 2010, but their current liabilities decreased at a faster rate than their current assets did.The gap between the two in 2006 was roughly 7% and had increased to 16% by 2010, providing plenty of opportunity to grow and develop the company further in their plans. HP common size balance sheet represents a different story. Their a current assets to total assets five year average was 49. 45% and short term liabilities to total liabilities and shareholders equity five year average was 42. 37% across years 2006 to 2010. Both accounts FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF DELL AND HP 7 decreased slightly over the years, and by 2010, HP had a gap of current assets to current liabilities of only 4%.Potential investors will focus on this close margin because HP may start to set out too heavily leveraged, which could hinder their ability to expand. It could also pose the problem of decreasing the percentage amount that HP reinvests back into the company, due to using assets to conduct off short term liabilities. Within Dells current assets, short term investments to total assets decreased from 8. 67% in 2006 to 1. 11% in 2010. Many of these short term investments had matured and were sold. The additional notes on hand helped decrease accounts payable, which decreased from 42. 4% in 2006 to 33. 80% in 2010. reduce its liabilities strengthens Dell financial health, yet further liquidity and asset utilization ratio test should be conducted to determine if their more solid financial rest is coherent term or simple a one year over year change. Dells inventory to total assets remained mainly the same over the five year span with 2. 53% in 2006 and 3. 12% in 2010. This is a reflection Dells strategy of keeping on hand inventory levels low and only producing the amount able to quickly sell. HP inventory to total assets changed substantially from 9. 5% in 2006 to 5. 19% in 2010. The drop in inventory percentage to total assets is a representation of HP melior ate strategy to minimize holding layovers by taking tar of inventory and manufacturing immediately prior to sale or distribution of product to customers. It is also reflective of the aggressive discounting that HP conducted as a result of the sparing downturn. Dells long term debt to total liabilities and shareholders equity increased substantially from 2. 69% in 2006 to 10. 15% in 2010 with average long term debt of 4. 71%.The major increased indicates that the company was dependant on long term debt to finance its acquisition of Perot Systems in 2010. HP long term debt to total liabilities and shareholders equity followed the same path by increasing from 3. 04% in 2006 to 12. 26% in 2010. This increased in total debt is explained in their annual report as being spending on acquisitions and share repurchases. Debt to equity ratios are needed to be further evaluated to determine the risk factor for this increased level of liabilities. relative Analysis Comparative Income Stateme nt AnalysisDells net revenue sharply declined from 2008 to 2010, going from 6. 47% to (13. 42%), as a result of the economic downturn, as individual customers put off luxury purchases such as computers and commercial customers put off bulk computer orders for a later to be unflinching FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF DELL AND HP 8 date. On average, the net revenue growth was 1. 86% while cost of goods sold was 2. 05%. Cost of goods sold increased faster than sales, lowering its capableness gross profit. Even though selling, general, and administrative was reduced substantially from 2008 level of 26. 3% down to (8. 97%) in 2010, its growth rate averaged 9. 45%, which outpaced net revenue on average. The drop in selling general and administrative was due to decreases in compensation, advertising expenses and improved controls during the downturn. The growth rate of cost of goods coup conduct with the economic downturn, found Dell with a (31. 91%) operating income for year 2010. A large decreas e in the market yield of over 200 basis points from 2009 was the cause for the (210. 45%) for investments and other income n 2010. Net income average was (10. 8%) over years 2006 to 2010, with major causes for this being lower sales due to economic downturn, decreases in investments, increases in tax liabilities and higher cost of a hedging program. Much like with Dell, the economic fallout had its effects on HP. Their net revenue seve curse decreased from 13. 50% in 2008 to (3. 22%) in 2009. The dollar depreciation to the euro played a large part in this drop for its European sales. However, unlike Dell, HP rebounded in 2010, increasing sales up to 10. 02%, which can be attributed mostly in part to HPs acquisition of EDS. HPs annual cost of goods averaged 7. 4%, which was lower than their net revenue average of 7. 96%. This led to a more favorable net income on average, indicating HPs ability to better control its operating income through successful marketing or more effective inve stment approaches over the years. Comparative Balance Sheet Analysis Dells five year average total current assets growth rate was 7. 75%, which was higher by a slim margin over average total current liabilities of 7. 27%. The relationship was coherent with the common size analysis giving support to Dells capability to cover short term liabilities with current assets.However, caution should be embossed and solvency ratios further investigated as Dells current assets dipped below its current liabilities in 2010 by a comparison of 20. 32% to 27. 60%. Its competitor HP current liabilities growth rate average is out pacing its current assets growth by almost double with rates of 10. 88% to 4. 68%, respectively. This should bring caution to HP to get control of its short term liabilities growth rate, but not be too alarming, considering that by its common-size comparison, the company soon has enough current assets to pay for its short term liabilities.FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF DELL AND HP 9 Dells accounts receivable rate of growth was 11. 90% on average, growing faster than the companys average sales rate, 1. 86%. This relates to the increase in the suckion period in days also increasing over this five year span. The category of property, plant and equipment grew for Dell at an annual rate of 6. 12%, with the majority of this growth happening in years 2006-2008. Plant, property and equipment declined in years 2009-2010, (14. 66%) and (4. 2%) respectively, which coincides with the companys declining sales growth over these same years. On average, Dells total liabilities grew 11. 36% annually, compared to its total liabilities and shareholders equity growth rate average of 8. 21%. This highlights the companys candidacy for potentially becoming a semipermanent solvency risk. Financial Ratio Analysis Liquidity Current Ratio and Acid Test Ratio Average current ratio for Dell was 1. 19 and the savage test ratio was 1. 14. These averages are better in comparison to HPs cu rrent ratio of 1. 17 and acid test ratio of 1. 0, which tells that Dell has more current assets to cover its short term liabilities and makes Dell a safer and more financially strong company. HP had a risky year in 2008 when its current ratio fell below 1. 00, ending at 0. 98, but shouldnt be focused on too much considering that their net revenue in sales averages 7. 96% growth rate and is averaging a 39. 33% net income growth rate. Collection Period Dells ability to collect customers payments on accounts receivable is stronger than HPs, with Dell taking 32. 04 days on average compared to HPs 49. 74 days.While both companies collection period was weeklong than the normal business benchmark of 30 days, Dell was much more successful in collection from its customers and thus reduced the liability for risky accounts receivable. The shorter period for collection also enables Dell to pay for its inventory and not surrender to expose them to greater amounts of short term debt through inc reased working great financial support. Days to Sell Inventory Dell inventory holding period was much shorter than HP, with Dell having days to sell inventory ratio of 6. 70 on average and HP having an average ratio of 32. 2. Dell operates in a FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF DELL AND HP 10 slightly leaner merchandise manner than HP and is able to quickly move inventory through its distribution networks. The quicker a company is able to sell its inventories, the quicker the quantify begins to receive payment to be able to pay back money owed on inventories acquired and sold, and not have to increase your working capital financing. Capital social structure and Solvency Debts to candour Ratios Dells five year average of total debt to equity was 5. 23, compared to HP lower average ratio of 1. 5. This shows that Dell had more debt (creditors) financing than equity (shareholders) financing. Long term debt for to equity on average for Dell was 0. 29 and HP was 0. 22. While many feel that debt from creditors is more harmful because of the interest paid on the principle borrowed, the advantage here is that once the creditor is paid back, they are gone and off the payroll. Whereas equity financing involves more shareholders owning parts of the company, which reduces the dividend payout per shareholder as well as waters down earnings per share.Dells approach to being more heavily financed through debt than equity may be in an attempt to keep earnings per share at an increased level. Return on Investment Return on Assets and Return on Common Equity An important ratio is the surpass on assets ratio for its ability to measure earnings per dollar from its assets. The five year average for return on assets of Dell was 13. 06% while HPs was 9. 07%. This higher percentage for Dell reflects a more efficient use of its assets and higher earnings from products sold per company asset.Both companies have strong return on assets that goes to show the loyal base of customers each brand name of the two companies has. Return on common equity is another(prenominal) important profitability ratio. This ratio measures the earnings success of its capital investments through common shareholders. The return on equity for Dell averaged 81. 46% while HP averaged 23. 91. An observation of this profitability measure shows that Dell is possibly much more attractive for potential investors for its ability to effectively manage and use funds generated through shareholders equity.Operating Performance Profit Margin Ratios Dells gross profit margin average of 17. 77% was lower than HPs average of 24. 04% HP controls a larger portion of the computer market as represented through this ratio. Dell also FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF DELL AND HP 11 posted lower operating profit margins and pretax profit margin compared to HP. Dells higher selling, general and administrative expenses are cause for lower operating and pretax profit margins, partly due to new retail and certain global distribution relationships.As expected from the precursors above, net income was also lower for Dell when compared to HP. Dell take to encroach more forcefully into HPs large market share to positively influence its sales. Operating expense components should be addressed as well to find cost savings measures to increase operation income in order to ultimately increase its net income. Asset Utilization Cash perturbation The measure of how efficient a company utilizes its cash and cash equivalents to create sales revenue is depicted with the cash turnover rate ratio. In respect to this ratio, Dell averaged 5. 0, while HP averaged 7. 09. This showed that HP used its cash and cash equivalents more efficiently to build revenue. On the other hand, it shows that HP used its cash and cash equivalents while Dell refrained from using its cash and cash equivalents, as evident in the common size analysis, viewing that Dell retained on average 31. 77% of cash and cash equivalents to assets while HP aver aged 12. 41%. Inventory Turnover Inventory turnover represents how fast companies turn their inventories into sales revenue. Dell had a much slower inventory turnover on average, 58. 8, than HPs 11. 86. Over the past five years more companies have became better at the Dell model of sales direct to customers which has overall effected Dells sales as evident in the comparative analysis showing on average Dell grew sales by 1. 86% while HP grew at 7. 96%. Also, HP has become more efficient in their inventory distribution cycle and the amount of inventories held in relation to total assets, dropping from 9. 45% in 2006 to 5. 19 by 2010. Dells turnover ratio was directly affected by its increase in inventory to total assets growing from 2. 53% in 2006 to 3. 2 % by 2010. The increase in Dells inventories to total assets percentage coupled with declining sales growth over the past five years was a cause for their much higher inventory turnover rate. Total Assets Turnover Total assets turno ver measures how efficiently a company utilizes total assets to create sales revenue. On average, Dells ability to generate more profit from its assets was roughly FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF DELL AND HP 12 double that of HP, being 2. 15 to 1. 07 respectively. This shows that for overall assets held, Dell had a better record of generating sales.Market Measures Price to Earnings Ratio and Earnings Yield The price to earnings for Dell on average was 16. 35, lower than HPs 18. 52. From this statistical ratio, HP is able to show that its investors have higher expectations of their company performance by being committed to paying a higher price per share to own HP stock over the past five year time span. However, with Dell showing better results when it came to liquidation and return on investment, they are able to portray to potential investors that they are the better buy at a lower price per share when compared to HP.Earnings yield represents the amount of earnings generated for every dolla r invested. Here, Dell has a better showing on average with 7. 02% compared to HPs 6. 25%. This ratio can be another point of persuasion that Dell is the better buy for it being properly priced when talking of earnings yield over the years 2006 to 2010. Summary of Financial Performance and Suggestions for Improvement Both Dell and HP have the financial statistics showing why they are strong competitors in an ever evolving industry.In an industry that attracts potential customers by offering the latest, fastest and greatest products, Dell needs an increase their amount of research, development, and engineering to sales percentage. Dell can no longer rely on just offering cheaper products because offering the newest technology and quality of product has moved to the forefront of consumers minds. It would be wise for Dell to focus on punctilious areas where they have a strong competency and not try to be all things to everyone. One area they may rethink of pushing into is their expand ed ikon into retail stores.Considering that Dell is fairly new to the retailing segment, their ties to the retailing market are not as strong as many of its competitors who have long withstanding relationships with retailers. These long withstanding relationships with retailers give companies like HP an advantage over new comers to retail stores, such as Dell, and possible over the next year or so, Dell should rethink this new part of their strategy. At the moment, the amount of increased funds used on selling, general and administrative has not equally translated into higher sales revenue.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Essay

In the autobiography, the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an Ameri tin Slave, there is an underlying theme of k straight offledge as the path to freedom. During Douglass time, slave owners take slaves of an education and as a result, the slaves were thus deprived of freedom. Knowledge among slaves is what the white men feared the most, as knowledge not only spoiled slaves, it also provided them with the acuteness that ultimately paved their road to freedom.Knowledge corrupts, or spoils slaves, as it happened with Frederick Douglass. Because uneducated slaves could not think for themselves, they were thus forced to obey their masters, or thinkers who made their decisions for them. by and by Douglass learned to read The Columbian Orator, a book that boldly denounced the immorality of slavery and the whites, he began to harbor such bitter resentment toward his masters that he wishes himself dead. Knowledge emboldened Douglass, and gave him the courage to rebel against hi s masters. As a result, Douglass vowed to run away from the band of successful robbers that reduced him to slavery. Indeed, wisdom had spoiled Douglass he has now gained a keen insight that allowed him to fully articulate the inhumanities of his masters.Knowledge gave Douglass the ability to recognize the enormities of the corrupt white slave owners. Douglass, for instance, points out that it was the white man who chuck out Douglass mouth, and then ask why he doesnt speak, thus proving that slave owners neither allow slaves to think for themselves, nor do they allow the slaves a voice in that decision. Furthermore, slave owners had antecedently instilled in their slaves the idea that any man who is independent is doomed to fall consequently, slaves were misled to believe that freedom is slavery. However, Douglass, an educated slave, was able to realize that he too was created equal, that he too had rights, and also that he was not a slave, but a free man. In this way, Douglass man aged to set into motion the gears of his emancipation.For Frederick Douglass, education was his pathway from slavery to freedom. With his wisdom, he not only dispersed his experiences to other slaves but also stirred up sentiments within the white abolitionists as well. Unliketheir ignorant fellows, educated slaves can band together and finally reach for freedom.Works Cited1. Douglass, Frederick. The Church and Prejudice. Plymouth County Anti-Slavery Society. Massachusetts, Plymouth County. 14 Nov. 1841.2. Douglass, Frederick, Houston A. Baker, and William Lloyd Garrison. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass An American Slave. New York Penguin Books, Limited, 1982.

Consumer Behaviour Essay

guile consumers in the modern world involve adjoind their bribeing capacity of ruse as paradigms shifts to experience and randomness based concepts. Cultural diversity and technology are developing spic-and-span forms of nontextual matter and ways to market these fraud pieces to a wider range of artistrywork consumers. However, there is no room for complacency in art managers of art galleries. It is still best to incorporate sound motivational theories that guide transporting efforts towards world robust, effective and efficient.Three motivational theories had been highlighted forming a well-rounded strategy to approach art header trade. Maslows heirarchy of acquires gives a step-by-step escalation of mans mirth levels. It was noted that although art cannot satisfy physiological regards, consumers can still be motivated to buy art as objects to satisfy their needs of self-esteem, belongness and need to self-actualize. McGuires advice on motivating sight offers smelling into the cognitive and affective factors of mans thinking process. The more art gallery marketing efforts provide to affective faculties of their consumers, the more exchange exit take place. And lastly, the theory of Freud has been chosen as another(prenominal) guidepost in defining what makes the consumer buy. Innate biological elements fix in man such as sexual urgeual desires is the around commonly known Freudian motivation that is closely related to selling art.Construction of marketing strategies to sell art does not end in incorporating concepts from these motivation theories. These motivations must further zoom in on the consumer eventually. The way to fine tune the marketing strategy is to incorporate concepts found in the five-step decision devising process that all consumers go through. As the art buyer goes from recognizing his need to gathering knowledge that lead lead him to a possible buy, to evaluating criteria affecting his possible purchase, to his actual purchase and to coming up with insights that happens during his post purchase, the marketing strategy of the art gallery is grade into a test.INTRODUCTIONThe art market is slowly evolving. Art has evolved into many forms and galleries have transformed to accommodate a wide range of consumers. With the grab of innovative technology, cultural diversity and faster access to information, art galleries been challenged to study and go out consumer behavior of this widening niche.For the last few years, the media have trumpeted contemporary art as the hottest advanced investment. At fairs, auction houses and galleries, an influx of late buyersmany of them from the world of financehave entered the fray. Lifted by this tidal wave of new money, the number of thriving artists, galleries and consultants has rocketed upwards. (Spiegler, 2006)But amidst all this buying frenzy, sellers have remained steadfast to the consumer behavior theories that guide the markets. Buying behavior theories have not changed and remained formidable in figuring step to the fore what buyers want, why they want, how they avail of these wants and the factors that affect these decisions. Consumers of art hold special focused studies. Consumers who buy art also buy gas, groceries, primary go and insurance. Though there is culture in gas, groceries, basic services and insurance, these commodities does not directly fall under art. Art intersections and services are born out of a cultural industry. These consumers have their own consumer behaviors.Consumer behavior is the process involved when individual or groups select, purchase, use, and dispose of goods, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy their needs and desires. It is important that marketers understand consumer behavior because wants and needs are satisfied best when marketers understand the behaviors of consumers. (Hawkins, 1998) Therefore, appropriate buyer behavior theories must be employed to so that marketing str ategies to sell products in art galleries entrust be virtually appropriate, effective, efficient and economical.THE PRODUCT AND SERVICEMarketing strategies start with knowing the product or service. Characteristics of these items for sale will be essential in finding the consumers who would want to buy them. Art encompass a wide variety of products and services. Art galleries themselves have evolved into stores that sell several(predicate) art genres depending on how one beholds something as art, from the flea markets selling antiques to the fine art galleries bidding by the millions.Applied and decorative art are products found in advertising, architecture and urban design. Crafts, jewelry, fashion, industrial, product and interior design fall under this art category. Entertainment art provides enjoyment services such as film, preserve and TV programs.Fine art is motivated by art-for-arts-sake. It is the primary research and development segment of the arts industry. It generate s enlightenment, i.e. it sheds light on the nature of the homo condition on the individual and society. It is primarily in the fine arts that new talent and technique are developed new scripts and scores created and, new images and styles set. Results of fine art R&D, like the results of scientific research, are sometimes adopted by for-pro pass enterprises in and out of the arts industry. And, as in pure science, fine art is not financially self-supporting. The right to fail is an essential artistic and scientific freedom a freedom that requires patience and guess-taking on the part of patrons, investors and audiences. (Chartrand, 2000)Heritage art subsumes all kind of art. It feeds contemporary art and is the one that sets standards of the following generations. This art inspires creators and enriches artists through its integration of scarcity and aesthetic rank while employing a sense of social relevance and cohesion. Between 1969 and 1989, heritage art yielded the highest return of all financial investment opportunities (The Economist July 1, 1989). Furthermore, theft of antiquities is the most lucrative international crime. Ounce for ounce, an antiquity can be more valuable than drugs. It can yield a higher return, at lower risk of being caught, and generally produces less jail time if one is convicted (Chartrand 1992a).MOTIVATIONS OF THE ART CONSUMERA soul who walks into an art gallery is differently motivated compared to a mortal who walks into a McDonalds burger store. A company who buys a 10 million art work does so with objectives different from its putting up a twist worth about the same cost. Consumers of art are motivated differently and theories defining these motivations can help marketing strategist clear marketing goals and activities.Maslows Heirarchy of NeedsAbraham Maslow (1908-1970) has been one of the centurys spectacular inspiration in personality theories. The Maslows Hierarchy of Needs as illustrated in Figure 1 has helped bo th researchers, scholars, scientists and most specially marketing executives on how to motivate customers and consumers. Maslow believes that man is motivated based on the level of satisfaction he can chance on at a particular time when the product or service is offered him. And the levels of satisfaction starts from getting his physiological needs, then his safety needs and subsequently his belonging needs, esteem needs until he arrives at his self-actualization.Figure 1. Maslows Heirarchy of Needs (Boeree, 1998)Maslow suggested the intuitively appealing notion that humans must satisfy the most basic objectives before they can move onto higher level ones. Thus, an individual must satisfy physiological needs (such as food and liquid) before he or she will be able to expend energy on less fundamental objectives such as safety. Only when basic objectives have been met will a person move on to seek such objectives as love and belonging, and only a small minority of people make it as furthermost as seeking self-actualization. (Boeree, 1998)Art consumers at the art galleries are motivated to satisfy a certain level of need as illustrated in Maslows diagram. Art definitely cannot be eaten and cannot quench somatogenic thirst. Consumers who are still struggling to satisfy their physiological needs in the normal circumstances will not buy Art. Art buyers are usually motivated to consume art to satisfy safety, belongingness, need for self-esteem and to perform their self-actualization.A person will buy art to safeguard savings. Certain works of art appreciate in shelter as the artist becomes more popular or when he dies. More than once, the cultural scene has witnessed these value increases and rich people have coveted owning these masterpieces not for their artistic magnificence but more for their financial value. A person will buy art to satisfy belongingness especially if he or she finds himself trying to get into company of art buyers. Belongingness would some times overpower physical hunger especially in these modern geezerhood when people have gone towards the limits of individualism isolating themselves from social groups that provide comfort in belongingness.In the early years of high art, kings and queens would have their portraits painted by in house artists such as Michael Angelo and Da Vinci. These portraits help a person increase his self-esteem. Coffee shops, banks and other commercial establishment hang works of art in their walls not so much for decorative purposes but these products increase the companys self-esteem. Their clients are able to admire the company knowing that the company they chose is of the cultured type and can afford these works of art.Based on the Maslows Heirarchy of Needs, the marketing strategy must realize that in order for art galleries to sell their products, it has to appeal to the motivations of the people walking into the gallery. These gallery visitors are essentially interested in art and the c urator must work on satisfying needs. Marketing campaigns must cater to satisfying clients need to raise his self-esteem or need to satisfy his belongingness. Strategies such as knowing the clients kind of groupie or the clients opinions of himself will be a few effective tactics towards forging a sale.FREUDIAN THEORYThough highly controversial and continuously debated upon by psychoanalysts, Sigmund Freud has been the most popular theorist of the century due to the sexual nature of his findings. Basically, he suggests that (1) much behavior has a biological basis which is (2) often sexual in nature, and (3) that early experiences in childhood will have a profound, but unconscious(p) effect on later lifee.g., people who are jilted in an early, oral phase of development may become oral retentive and end up as wine connoisseurs later in life. (Hawkins, 1998)For Freud, people are motivated by their sex drives. Though some sectors of the scientific communities do not believe this, ad vertising, film and marketing have used the Freudian theories and have remained successful in the promotion and selling of their products. Cars, cigarette, alcohol and other vices have used sex at one point or another in their commercials, posters or corporate IDs. MTVs have evolved into using pretty boys and sexy girls to get the maximum buying power of teenagers and young adults. Even new generation anime features voluptuous heroes, heroines and villains. Wonder Woman has never been as seductive and Superman has been redrawn to sport more muscles that spell musk.Though Freud never real thought sexuality in the new millennium context, evolutionists understands this kind of sexual motivation due to the inherent nature of human beings to help the species survive and delay power over the natural kingdom. The only way to keep from extinction is to continue procreation. In Darwinian logic, motivation to procreation is as sensible as breathing.Sex has always helped sell art. Art from a ncient Greece such as sculptures Adonis or Venus were sometimes seen as pornographic. Though these artworks of nudity became monuments of great cities and tourist destinations that earn millions of dollars, parent of slender children still become uneasy explaining nudity in these kinds of art works.Marketing art with tactics from the Freudian theories that sex sells would make marketing of art forms planned in a way that it attracts sexual motivations from the buyers. Art galleries, when opening an exhibit usually employs wine, beautiful ladies in little black dresses and music that appeals to the possible clients. This type of marketing style that is guided by Freudian motivation theories supports art works that have sexual undertones already in them. Bar owner Schrager narrates the reason for buying an artwork.According to Schrager, the decision to commission Clemente for the ceiling mural and lamps was an easy one. I love Clementes work, and I thought a ceiling mural would be ap propriate for the place and location. For me, a lot of Clementes work has sexual undertones, and I thought it would fit in perfectly in the bar. (Silberman, 2001)MCGUIRE THEORY OF MOTIVATIONMcGuires psychology of motivation stems from his cognitive and affective experimentations. Thinkers are seen to carry out directed-thinking tasks. These thought systems in people illustrate their motivations. Five dimensions that together provide an inclusive description of thought systems were identified. Two dimensions are cognitive (1) size and (2) cognitive-affirmational bias. Two others are affective (3) affective desirability bias and (4) people-favorability bias. The fifth dimension is (5) cognitive-affective congruence. (McGuire, 2006)McGuire believes that affective stimulus influence the cognitive aspect of human motivations more. Men and women have different thought patterns since they react differently to stimulus. Knowing this, it is important for art galleries to note who has the buy ing power when couples walk into the gallery to purchase the artwork. At culturally diverse markets, art managers need to address what could hit affective motivations in their clients. Sometimes, talking to an art manager who understands the clients affective stimulus like race or culture is effective.More buying power translates into more art-buying ability. Art dealers and publishers are keenly aware of this. But what they also need to understand is that while African Americans are looking to buy more high-quality art, theyre also looking to buy from dealers and publishers who understand them and will cater to them. (Hagan, 2004)5 STAGES OF DECISION MAKING moldEquipped with the three motivational theories above, the next important part of the marketing strategy is integrating the promotional or advertising activities to the five represents of the decision making process that each art buyers goes through whenever they are in making a decision whether to buy, to buy later, or not to buy.Source http//www-rohan.sdsu.edu/renglish/370/notes/chapt05/Problem intelligence is the stage where the buyer becomes aware of his need. Awareness of needs does not happen like magic. Need is stimulated. The client must be aware of his need from its unconscious state to the conscious and articulate status. Commercials that stimulate problem recognition are effective because they can visually show what the client does not have and therefore, nevertheless by looking at advertisement, the client realizes his lack of that product thereby moving towards the process of coveting the product for himself. A blank wall will stimulate a need to buy art. An empty corner can stimulate a person to acquire a statue. Occasions and celebrations from birthdays to monthly anniversaries to grandmom or grandpop days and other more outlandish occasions can also create the rationale to make the consumers think of buying art.The second phase is where the client begins to look for information that will lead him into being able to find the product or the service that can quench his need. In the case of art galleries, a person must be able to find the art gallery. This ease of art gallery access will be attained with proper promotions and advertising. Art gallery accessibility geographically will also be essential in attracting buyers who are currently looking for information so satisfy their needs. The net profit is the latest virtual shop where buyers from around the world can be tuned in at the same time. With the Internet platform as marketing tool, selling is definitely without borders and without pressure of time. The buyer from spread of mouth information can also acquire details on how to locate the art gallery. Employers had always in a bad way(p) good service because positive feedback is the gateway of businesses.With the information at hand, the consumer goes to the third stage of the decision making process which is the evaluation stage where alternatives are rank ed. This stage establishes the criteria for evaluation, features the buyer wants or does not want. Rank/weight alternatives or resume search. May decide that you want to eat something spicy, indian gets highest rank. If not satisfied with your excerption then return to the search phase. Can you think of another restaurant? Look in the yellow pages etc. Information from different sources may be treated differently. Marketers try to influence by framing alternatives. (classnotes, 2006)Art galleries marketing strategy must make sure that the criteria set by its consumers are achieved. afterward product characteristics, price is usually the next criteria that the client considers. For art, the prices depend on a flexible standard. Other pieces are priceless while other art products are set by how the community valuates the artist. This is where the talent of the art manager or the curator comes in. Framing the art product, literally and figuratively spells putting on more weight on th e piece or turning the off the clients needs which will surely fail selling the product when the fifth decision making process starts.The fourth stage is the purchase stage. The buying value is affected by three possibilities as the client decides from whom to buy, when to buy or if the client decides not to buy. Purchase from art galleries will be affected by the terms of sale, credibility of the establishment and return policies. Tax information on artwork is an important information that will tip the scales towards the sales. A news clipping shows reaction of buyers and galleries on impositions of added tax to art pieces. Paying an 8.8 per centum tax on art doesnt discourage him or his wife, Virginia, from buying, but he said he could imagine it would slow some people down. Thats what worries the Seattle Art Museum. (Hackett, 2005)The atmosphere of the art gallery, and happiness of the shopping experience influences the time of sale. Some galleries maintain calmness in the galle ry depicting unstressful experience for the buyer. oddly with purchases of millions of dollars, the atmosphere must be as much stress free as possible.The last stage of the process is the post purchase stage where the client reflects on the purchase that he did. The buyer usually compares the purchase with his expectations based on the need he originally formed. In the post purchase stage, either the art consumer is satisfied or unsatisfied with the purchase. Customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction is affected by his value perceptions.Art buyers know there is inherent value in art works. Physically, art is just a piece of paper or canvass with pigment but the images and visualization that the artwork shares to the consumer is what is of value that have been purchased. For artwork, one piece may create more value to another person depending on the level of beauty value he gets from the work of art. His satisfaction therefore depends on the value that the art product or experience in buying the artwork communicates to the buyer.Art galleries are cultural venues where patrons are before long established. The repeat-purchase behavior found in the art galleries must be high and excellent because these repeat buyers are also automatic promotional agents of the art gallery. Appreciating an art piece in a hotel lobby, an interested consumer would normally ask where the piece was bought. And that is first lead of the art gallery that happens outside the gallery.Patrons of the art help in lessening the cognitive dissonance of art consumers. When there is a feeling of anxiety after purchase, the consumer looks for elements outside his decision that would help him be assured of his purchase and publicity of the art gallerys success or social responsibility or how famous people patronize the gallery helps in relieving cognitive dissonance in post purchase stages of consumer decision making process.CONCLUSIONEveryone buys art at one time or another. The time and cost of art that an individual buys depends on his motivations as incorporated in many studies in consumer behavior backed by psychological discourse and experimentations. With the need for the art industry to profit and keep the industry afloat, marketing strategies benefit from these motivational theories.It is safe to note that whenever a painting or a piece of art lands in a hotel lobby, or a financial establishment, a museum or simply in a living room wall, much human activity has been put into it that basically further increases its social and cultural value.ReferencesBoeree, George. 1998. Abraham Maslow. Retrieved October 31, 2006 from http//www.ship.edu/cgboeree/maslow.htmlChartrand, Harry Hillman. 2000. The Public Life of the Arts in AmericaJoni Cherbo and M. Wyszomirski (eds),Rutgers University Press, April 2000Classnotes. 2006. Consumer Buying Behavior. Retrieved October 31, 2006 from http//www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.htmlSilberman, Vanessa. 2000. Results of Consumer Survey Shed l ight source on Art Buying Behavior. Art Business News, Nov, 2000Hagan, Debbie. 2004. Black buying power shows strength in art growing incomes and more national vulnerability of African-American art translates into a widening base of art buyers news. Art Business News, Jan, 2004Hackett, Regina and Michelle Nicolosi. 2005. Art collectors fault state agency on tax issue. Seattle trademark Intelligencer Reporters. Friday May 27, 2005. Retrieved October 31, 2006 from http//seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/226106_reactart26.html?source=rssHawkins, Del I., Roger J. Best, and Kenneth A. Coney (1998), Consumer Behavior Building Marketing Strategy, 7th ed., Boston McGraw Hill.McGuire, William J. & Claire V. McGuire, Yale University. 2006. Cognitive versus affective aspects of phenomenal thought systems focused on persons. Retrieved October 31, 2006 from http//www.sydneysymposium.unsw.edu.au/1999/abstracts.htmSpiegler, Marc. 2006. Time to Reform the Art Market? The Art Newpaper. Retrieved Octo ber 31, 2006 from http//www.forbes.com/collecting/2005/05/30/cx_0530conn_ls.html