English Constitution Essays

Why are Americans so Homicidal an Example by

For what reason are Americans so Homicidal? Bowling for Columbine by Michael Moore is a narrative that attempts the inquiry why Americans are destructive. It portrays the widespread school killings in United States of America. There are extensive rundown of potential clarifications why Americans are destructive. Be that as it may, there is no particular or sole reason why killings are submitted. As indicated by Moores narrative, simple access to guns and, obviously, bigotry is the key variables of killings in America. As indicated by some examination on generous logical proof, it underpins that formative gloom might be the main driver of numerous murders and suicides that started in bombed parental and family bond. By the by, it was tested by some examination. It might be one of the causes, in any case, there is no confirmation yet. Some different elements are as per the following: simple access to firearms and ammo; utilization of medications and liquor; family brutality; insufficient school atmosphere; negative mentality tow ards school; destitution; social and mental issue; relationship with reprobate companions; and different variables (http://guide.helpingamericasyouth.gov/programdetail). A few contentions to Moores narrative propose potential defects. Need exposition test on For what reason are Americans so Homicidal? theme? We will compose a custom exposition test explicitly for you Continue One contention is the contribution of National Rifle Association (NRA) to the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). NRA was established in1871 by demonstration of the New York Legislature while KKK was established in 1866 and turned into a psychological militant association. Still something else that is factious in the said narrative is the worldwide examination of murders with nations like Germany, Australia, Japan, and so on. There is no exactness with the insights given. A few nations have more murder cases than in America. Nations like Columbia, South Africa and Jamaica has the most noteworthy wrongdoing insights. US of America just comes in the 24th spot and neighbor region, Canada, comes in 44th spot (http://www.nationmaster.com). One more thing is the meeting with Carlton Heston on the subject of bigotry. He said that he isn't supremacist, at the same time, he ones stated, US have more blended ethnicity than different districts and we have enough issues with social liberties (www.hardylaw.net). Moores contentions are not all that first rate since numerous imperfections were seen, perhaps in light of the fact that it was not all around inquired about. A few realities are not exact. Be that as it may, the entire methodology of the narrative in connecting with crowds inner voice and affectability is pleasing. It might have contacted such a significant number of lives. It doesn't hurt if individuals are careful of what's going on in our locale. Regardless of whether the narrative neglect to fulfill the scholarly part of the watchers (since certain realities are not precise), the purpose of the narrative is attention to what can happen to us and to our youngsters and childrens kids. In the event that murders keep on happening, what can happen to our locale? I am persuaded that killings can't be legitimized particularly on the off chance that you are the bothered party. Potential reasons for these killings ought to be frustrated. As the Boston Police Departments Youth Violence Strike Force, Operation Ceasefire principle objective; it can help reduce killings particularly of the blameless youngsters just as help potential guilty parties in commiting violations if its expenses are seen (http://guide.helpingamericasyouth.gov/programdetail). With respect to my sentiment in regards to the issue, conceivable reason for high homicide rates in America is a mental and social perspective. Moore didn't handle much on the formative melancholy that might be a major factor in instances of murders and even suicides. I accept that formative despondency is a major factor in ones position sometime down the road, in spite of the fact that there are still no logical investigations set up to help the contention. In light of the proposal led by James W. Prescott, maniacal passings have expanded by 16% in age bunch 15 24 years of age from 1979 to 1997 (http://violence.de). I trust more individuals will know about this issue and make a move to stop this. On the off chance that more research of conceivable reason is required, we should bolster it. Works Cited Wrongdoing Statistics. (On Line). Accessible: http://www.nationmaster.com/ Tough, David T. Bowling for Columbine. (On Line). Helping American Youth. (On Line). Prescott, James W. An American Generation of Suicidal and Homicidal Death of Children and Youth. 2000 (On Line).

Wellbutrin Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline, Treatment

Wellbutrin Withdrawal Symptoms, Timeline, Treatment Depression Treatment Medication Print How Long Does Withdrawal From Wellbutrin Last? By Corinne O’Keefe Osborn linkedin Corinne Osborn is an award-winning health and wellness journalist with a background in substance abuse, sexual health, and psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Corinne O’Keefe Osborn Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 19, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 17, 2019 More in Depression Treatment Medication Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Types Childhood Depression Suicide In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Symptoms Coping Warnings Long-Term Treatment Resources View All Back To Top Wellbutrin (bupropion) is a common antidepressant. Over the past few decades, it has helped millions of people claw their way out of depression. It is also used to help people quit smoking. While this drug has a variety of potential benefits, like all antidepressants, it doesn’t work for everyone. If you are considering stopping Wellbutrin, either because it isn’t working or because it worked and you feel better, you will want to know what to expect. This article will give you a good overview of what Wellbutrin withdrawal is like and how long it will last. Overview Antidepressants are among the top three most commonly prescribed medications in the United States.?? Some people take them for a few weeks or months, whereas others take them for years. About one in four people on antidepressants have been taking them for 10 or more years.?? Once they find an antidepressant that works for them, many people continue taking it indefinitely. This is particularly true when the antidepressant causes no significant side effects. Still, people go on and off antidepressants all the time. Antidepressants are an unusual class of drugs because not every drug works for every person. It takes some people several tries before they find a medication that works for them. You may also be choosing to stop your Wellbutrin dose because you feel stable and ready to live without it. Other reasons for stopping include having successfully quit smoking. You may have heard about something called antidepressant discontinuation syndromeâ€"which is basically a fancy way of saying antidepressant withdrawal. This is more common with antidepressants that affect a neurotransmitter called serotonin.?? Wellbutrin does not have a major effect on serotonin. As a result, the withdrawal symptoms are typically mild, or, more often, undetectable. It is not common to experience Wellbutrin withdrawal symptoms, but those who do may become agitated and irritable. If you recently quit smoking, you may find your nicotine cravings return. Signs and Symptoms Most people do not experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking Wellbutrin. Among those who do, the symptoms range in severity from mild to moderate. However, if you are quitting Wellbutrin and a more common class of antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), your symptoms may be more severe.?? Many people take Wellbutrin as part of an “antidepressant cocktail.” Research has indicated that Wellbutrin may work to boost the effects of other antidepressants. Doctors often prescribe it in conjunction with SSRIs.?? Antidepressants affect the levels of certain neurotransmitters in your brain. Neurotransmitters are like your body’s chemical messengers. They help nerve cells communicate and are involved in managing many of the complex functions your body performs, like eating and sleeping. They also play a role in your emotions and moods. Most of the modern antidepressants out there affect a neurotransmitter called serotonin.  Serotonin plays an important role in mood stabilization. Although the exact causes of depression are unknown, doctors believe that low levels of serotonin are a contributing factor. SSRIs, like Prozac and Lexapro, increase your serotonin levels. But when you abruptly stop taking these drugs, it can be a real shock to the system. As the body adjusts to lower serotonin levels, it is not uncommon to experience withdrawal symptoms. Because serotonin plays an important role in so many of your body’s systems, withdrawal symptoms can be quite varied. If you are quitting an SSRI, you may experience:   Sweating: You may become flushed and sweat excessively, especially in the heat.Digestive problems: Serotonin plays a major role in the digestive system, so people often experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or loss of appetite.Trouble sleeping: You may have difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep. You may also experience unusual dreams or nightmares.Neurological effects: You may experience tremors, restless legs, numbness, or difficulty walking.Psychological symptoms: You may experience mood swings, agitation, anxiety, mania, or depression.Brain zaps: This is a strange phenomenon that feels like a shock to your head. It is also described as a brain shake or shiver. Wellbutrin works differently than other antidepressants because it affects the neurotransmitters dopamine and noradrenaline. Unless you are also withdrawing from an SSRI, it is unlikely that you will experience any of the serotonin-related symptoms described above. There are very few published cases of Wellbutrin withdrawal in the scientific literature. However, according to Dr. Joseph Glenmullen, author of The Antidepressant Solution, irritability is a common symptom. In Glenmullen’s experience, patients quitting Wellbutrin often resemble patients quitting smoking. This includes a state of extreme agitation as well as uncharacteristically hostile, rude, or aggressive behavior. If you were using Wellbutrin to quit smoking, it is also possible that your nicotine cravings may return when you stop taking the drug. Fortunately, these cravings should be mild compared to what you have experienced in the past. The Chemistry of Depression Coping and Relief If you have a mental illness like depression or bipolar disorder, it is important to stay in contact with a doctor or therapist whenever you adjust your medications. Talking to a therapist can help you cope with challenges such as mood swings, agitation, and feelings of hopelessness. If you were taking Wellbutrin to quit smoking, you may want to keep a nicotine patch or some nicotine gum on hand. This will help reduce potential nicotine cravings and any associated agitation. Warnings Although Wellbutrin isn’t typically associated with withdrawal symptoms, like all antidepressants, it does come with a serious FDA warning about its association with suicidal ideation in children, teens, and young adults.?? Particular caution should be used when altering your dose. Suicidal feelings are more common among children and young adults age 24 and under, but they can happen to anyone. When to Get Help You should seek emergency medical care if you or someone you know is experiencing any of the following:Thoughts of harming or killing yourselfThoughts about how you would kill yourselfSevere restlessness or abnormal excitementFrenzied behaviorActing without thinkingExtreme worry or agitationPanic attacks The risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors is small, but it does happen to some people. Before you stop taking Wellbutrin, discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor. If you decide to stop your dose, a short taper may be the best way to go. Long-Term Treatment The safest way to stop taking antidepressants is to slowly taper down your dose. Wellbutrin tapering schedules are usually fairly short. Working with your doctor, you can make a schedule to incrementally reduce your dose over the course of one or two weeks. After your Wellbutrin taper, any long-term treatment will be directed towards treating the condition that led you to take Wellbutrin in the first place. If you are struggling with depression, your doctor may want to switch you to an SSRI that you haven’t tried before or suggest other options. It can take several tries before you find the right medication or combination of medications. Keep in mind, there is no single pill out there that is going to “fix” you. Depression is a complex disease that requires a multi-pronged treatment approach. Medication can only do so much on its own. Psychotherapy may be an important part of your recovery from depression. Scientific research has concluded that a combination of psychotherapy and medication works better for depression and anxiety than medication alone. Psychotherapy, or talk therapy, is a long-term process in which you work to better understand yourself. You will explore the reasons why you do the things you do and feel the way you feel. Together with a qualified therapist, you will learn how to work towards the life you want by reforming the unhealthy patterns standing in your way.     Resources If you or someone you love is experiencing suicidal thoughts, you can always reach out to the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (1-800-273-8255). You will be connected with staff or volunteers at a crisis center near you. The people on the other end of the line can help you calm down and figure out what to do next. Therapy is a very important part of depression treatment. If you don’t have a therapist or don’t wish to continue with your current therapist, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) can help you find a new one. Check out their searchable directory of qualified providers. You can also call them at 1-800-662-HELP (4357). If you have health insurance, another way to find a therapist is to search your insurance plan’s website. Typically, insurance companies have a list of local providers who accept your insurance. Tips for Coping With Depression and Suicidal Thoughts A Word From Verywell Depression is a stubborn disease. It can feel like you are stuck in a long dark tunnel with no end in sight, but you can’t let that feeling overwhelm you. This particular tunnel is curvyâ€"you just can’t see the way out yet. Just keep moving forward and try not to lose hope when you bump into walls and trip over your own feet. If Wellbutrin didn’t work, work with your doctor to try and find a different medication or combination of medications that might be more effective. And if you are not in psychotherapy, find a therapist in the directory and schedule some appointments. After some time, things will likely feel more hopeful.

Benefits And Benefits Of Minimum Wage - 1568 Words

Introduction In the United States, there are more than 30 million people who work in jobs that pay poverty wages and provide few if any benefits (Low, 2015). The lowest income bracket has been getting increasingly poorer and since 1968, the real value of the minimum wage has progressively declined (Dietrich, 2004). Most low-wage employers do not offer health insurance to their employees and if they do, premiums are too high for employees to afford. Sick pay and retirement benefits are not likely to exist in these types of jobs. Due to a lack of training or continuing education benefits, most workers are unable to advance themselves and are locked into these low-wage positions. Although many people assume that fast food restaurants and large chain stores are the only low-wage employers, they are wrong as low-wage, low-reward jobs are all around us and include such jobs as security guards, nurse’s aides, child-care workers, pharmacy assistants, and hair dressers. Low-wage servi ce workers have little power to change their situations as many political, economic and corporate decisions have weakened the bargaining power of the average worker (Low, 2015). Unions that once negotiated contracts that propelled autoworkers, steelworkers, machinists, and truck drivers to middle-class status have grown weaker over the years (Greenhouse, 2015). Currently, only 11 percent of workers belong to a union which is a far drop from the 35 percent back in the 50’s and 60’s (Greenhouse,Show MoreRelatedMinimum Benefits Of Minimum Wage1359 Words   |  6 PagesMinimum wage is described as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"the minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work/services performed during a given tenure, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract†. Minimum wage can be established by statute, competent decision authority, a wage board, a wage council, or by industrial or labour courts.   The significance of minimum wage is to shield workers against disproportionately low pay. They help safeguard an equitableRead MoreMinimum Benefits Of Minimum Wages1399 Words   |  6 PagesMinimum wages are described as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"the minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work/services performed during a given tenure, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract†. Minimum wages can be established by statute, competent decision authority, a wage board, a wage council, or by industrial or labour courts.   The significance of minimum wages is to shield workers against disproportionately low pay. They help safeguard anRead MoreBenefits Of Minimum Wage1014 Words   |  5 Pages Minimum wage is a struggle for many Americans and I believe it needs to be raised. The minimum wage of the United States is $7.25 an hour. It is a rate that isn’t letting many Americans live life comfortably. If the minimum wage was changed even a merely $3.75 it would change people’s lives and will let many people get by. The minimum wage of $7.25 has stayed the same since 2009 and there hasn’t been any effort by the government to change it. Many states have increased their minimum wage, but IRead MoreThe Benefits Of The Minimum Wage2000 Words   |  8 PagesThe advantages of the Minimum wage law outweigh its disadvantages. Introduction Minimum wage law is the lowest salary that employers need to pay to workers and United Kingdom legislate the minimum wage law in 1998. It is a way to improve the living condition of those low-income workers by raising their wage and also assure they can afford their daily consumption. The rate of the minimum wage is not fixed, it will increases as the living rate increases. The idea of minimum wage law is usually regardedRead MoreThe And Benefits Of A Minimum Wage2730 Words   |  11 Pages The Affects and Advantages of a Minimum Wage 180 Hour 3 Shakopee High School A common saying known throughout the business world, â€Å"time is money†, which applies to every aspect of every work place, yet a something is missing from that saying. The missing element is just how much your time is worth. Recently with new raises in minimum wage the United States is taking steps to come more closely to the equilibrium of how much employees should be paid. With the many, many issues inRead MoreThe Benefits Of Raising The Minimum Wage1656 Words   |  7 Pagesto be should the minimum wage be raised or should it be lowered or eliminated altogether. From where I stand minimum wage should be raised. Everyone is more successful when people are paid a living wage. Changes to the minimum wage would strengthen the economy and business, Lift Americans out of poverty, and will be unlikely to significantly impact prices. The only way to grow the economy in a way that benefits 90% is to change the structure of the economy. Paying people a fair wage is a sign of respectRead MoreThe Benefits Of Raising The Minimum Wage706 Words   |  3 Pages Minimum wage is a difficult number to decide on because it affects different income earning citizens in different ways. According to Principles of Microeconomics, by N. Gregory Mankiw, minimum wage is a law that establishes the lowest price for labor that and employer may pay (Mankiw 6-1b). Currently, the minimum wage in the United States is $7.25 per hour. For many years politicians and citizens have argued on what should be the minimum wage that would benefit the economy and society in generalRead MoreBenefits Of Raising Minimum Wage1291 Words   |  6 Pages In recent years, the demand for an increased minimum wage has erupted across the nation. During the ongoing debate, a few states, cities, counties, and companies have taken the initiative to raise the minimum wage of $7.25 per hour to the varying wages of $7.50-$11.50 per hour. According the United States Labor Department, 29 states and the District of Columbia pay above the minimum federal level of $7.25 per hour. The raisi ng of the minimum wage has numerous supporters; however, there are individualsRead MoreBenefits Of Raising The Minimum Wage908 Words   |  4 PagesIn our modern society one of the seemingly least controversial topics is the minimum wage. The popular opinion wants to raise the minimum wage, but is the popular opinion always right? Throughout recent years, politicians have made promises to raise the minimum wage to help low-income earners live a better life. Contrary to popular belief, raising the minimum wage actually hurts low-income earners and low-skilled workers. We must first define a low-skilled worker. A low-skilled worker does not meanRead MoreBenefits Of Minimum Wage Law990 Words   |  4 Pageshave a law in order to complete the bare minimum to afford a decent living condition, food for their families and even to put on decent clothes to keep themselves warm. The minimum wage law was set so employees have a decent living wage and are not in complete ruins after working r ough conditions. There are many benefits towards the minimum wage law that was set in 1938 by President Roosevelt. It helps laborers who work in rough rugged conditions have a minimum set salary and have them able to afford

The Effects of Aging - 2133 Words

Everyone, at some point or another, loses keys, misplaces a wallet, or forgets a name. It is a normal experience, but people who are middle-aged or older may be frightened about the onset of Alzheimers disease or another type of dementia. The American Psychological Association offers the assurance that Alzheimers is not a normal part of aging, occurring in fewer than one in five people over the age of sixty-five and less than half of those over eighty-five (Memory and aging, 2009). The research of Reese and Cherry (2006) supports the assertion that, for most people in middle age, forgetting is not serious. Nevertheless, changes take place in the brain as one ages with respect to learning and memory. The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the normal changes people can expect in mid- to late-life as well as some of the problems one can experience outside the normal effects of aging. The human brain reaches its maximum size during ones early twenties, then very slowly starts to decline in volume (Memory and aging, 2009). Over time, ones heart muscle becomes less efficient and has to work harder to pump the same amount of blood through the body (Mayo Clinic Health Information, 2011). It means the brain gets less blood and less oxygen, resulting in a decline in the number of neurons. The brain decreases in volume and, between the ages of twenty and ninety, loses five to ten percent of its weight. So-called neurofibriallary tangles, decayed portions of theShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Aging On Aging And Aging1343 Words   |  6 Pagesover time. The changes include physical, social and psychological changes. Causes of aging are very uncertain. Besides, there are several factors which predispose an individual to premature aging. Current theories suggest that this process occurs to due to cellular damage such as DNA oxidation by free radicals causing biological systems to fail. Internal processes such as DNA methylation may also result in aging. Predisposing factors such as space escapades, use of chemically intoxicated substancesRead MoreAging And Its Effects On The Aging1360 Words   |  6 Pagesover time. The changes include physical, social and psychological changes. Causes of aging are very uncertain. Besides, there are several factors which predispose an individual to premature aging. Current theories suggest that this process occurs to due to cellular damage such as DNA oxidation by free radicals causing biological systems to fail. Internal processes such as DNA methylation may also result in aging. Predisposing factors such as space escapades, use of chemically intoxicated substancesRead MoreEffects of Aging1096 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Aging Krista Halverson September 4, 2010 Human Lifespan Development Barbara Kennedy The transformation that takes place throughout one’s life is inevitable. The growth and development of becoming an adult forces many body and mind changes. Physical appearance, mental capability and other issues all take place in our later adult years. All of these changes happen at different times for everyone. Nobody ages at the same rate. Aging is impossible to run away fromRead MoreEffects Of Aging On The Body Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pages Aging is the process of growing older, one communal progression that all individuals experience. Aging, as all know, causes numerous changes to the human body. One of the leading shifts the body undergoes is an overall decrease in muscle mass. This loss can result from either a sedentary lifestyle (secondary aging) or by following a natural body course (primary aging). By maintaining an active lifestyle, individuals are able to delay the effects of aging on the body. They are able to maintainRead MoreAging And Its Effects On Humans Essay1949 Words   |  8 Pages Aging is a not well comprehended process that results in a progressive decline of cells, tissues and organisms until death. Aging is inevitable and influenced by our genetic makeup and environmental factors. Even though it seems impossible to prevent aging, scientists have been studying how to slow down the aging process. Indirect evidence shows that several phytochemicals found in plants can have longevity effects in certain microorganism, although no quality evidence for anti-aging effects onRead MoreThe Effect Of Fructose On The Aging Process1291 Words   |  6 Pagesmolecules play a role in the aging process. The Maillard process is dependent on the reactivity of the sugar involved. Fructose is much more reactive than glucose. In vivo, the rate of non-enzymatic glycosylation of haemoglobin was 7.5 greater, and the rate of protein cross-linking (a marker of aging) was 10 times greater, in the presence of fructose than in the presence of glucose. Therefore, it is safe to conclude that fructose has a much greater implication in the aging process than glucose, takingRead MoreEffects of Aging on Cognitive Development898 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Aging on Cognitive Development Daphney Walker PSYCH/640 May 5, 2014 Holly Berry Effects of Aging on Cognitive Development Aging is a natural process of life however, studies show that there are some age-related decline in cognitive development. As a person grows older some brain cell dies, shrink, or weaken and cause some decline in brain functions. Some cognitive processes include attention, working memory, long-term memory, perception, and executive control. The material willRead MoreEffects Of Aging On The Elderly Population888 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Several aspects of aging can be debilitating for the elderly population, as they often include loneliness, general decline, and lack of social support (Anisman, 2014). The senior population, already at large, is projected to surpass that of other age groups and increase the burden on our health care system. Only a small proportion of individuals age successfully, with the majority experiencing a spectrum of cognitive impairments that can manifest into neurodegenerative disorders. ThisRead MoreThe Effect Of Aging On Neural Cells1425 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effect of Aging on Neural Cells Introduction: Neurogenesis is defined as the creation of new brain cells. Before studies proved that neural cells do have the capacity to proliferate and repair themselves, it was often believed that species are born with a distinct amount of neural cells and as time passes, these cells would die without the ability to be healed or replaced. It was thought that the cells were mainly formed during the embryonic and perinatal stages in the mammals (Ming and SongRead MoreEffects Of Obesity On Aging And Cognitive Health900 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction While aging appears to be an inevitable part of life, recent research would suggest otherwise. Many factors contribute to the rate at which we age and the severity at which our bodies begin to break down. Such factors include genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. All of these factors can have differing and ranging effects on health. Genetic predisposition is good to know but it doesn’t give an individual a lot of control. Environmental factors can only be controlled

Christians living Free Essays

SOME nine hundred years ago, in 1096, the First Crusade was about to begin. If you had lived in Western Europe then, you might have witnessed large movements of men, wagons, horses, and ships. They were headed for Jerusalem, the holy city, which had been under the control of Muslims since the seventh century C. We will write a custom essay sample on Christians living or any similar topic only for you Order Now E. That was the first of the Crusades. Many historians list eight major ones. These expeditions scarred the history of East-West relations. They were accompanied by massacres and cruelty committed in the name of God and Christ. The last major Crusade began 174 years later, in 1270. The word â€Å"crusade† comes from the Latin word crux, which means â€Å"cross. † Members of the many expeditions sewed the symbol of the cross on their clothing. Why Crusades occurred? The declared motive for the Crusades was to take Jerusalem and the so-called holy sepulcher from the Muslims. But the causes ran deeper. Except for a few incidents, relations between the professed Christians living in the Middle East and the Muslims had been relatively calm. An important factor that led to the Crusades was the turbulent political, economic, and religious climate that prevailed in Europe. In the 11th century, new rural lands were being given over to agriculture, in an effort to increase food production. City areas were enjoying new life. The population was growing. However, when a famine plunged large numbers of peasants into poverty, many poured into the cities, where unemployment and misery awaited them. Protests often erupted. At the top of the social hierarchy were numerous feudal barons. These professional warlords wanted to take advantage of the political vacuum created by the breakup of Charlemagne’s empire and conquer new estates. The Church of Rome was also experiencing a period of turmoil. In 1054 it lost control of the Eastern Church. In addition, many of the clergy were being accused of immorality and of meddling in politics. In the course of time, other Crusades were mounted, the last in 1270. However, because of defeats, many began to doubt the legitimacy of such enterprises undertaken in the name of religion. If God really approved of these â€Å"holy† wars, they thought, he would certainly have favored those who claimed to act with his blessing. Yet, from the 13th century, church jurists tried to justify such religious wars and the clergy’s role in them. Durig those time and even until now, â€Å"People killing people in the name of religion in Northern Ireland has cost 2,079 lives in 12 years; 144 of those policemen,† says the Los Angeles Times. Though the basic issue is civil rights—the rights of the Catholic minority versus that of the Protestant majority—religion is deeply involved, and both sides have resorted to a militant solution. The country has been transformed â€Å"from a quiet backwater and stronghold of strict moral standards to a free-living, mid-20th century society, corrupted and changed by violent words and deeds,† writes Barry White in the Toronto Star. While, â€Å"activist priests have taken to carrying guns† in the north, according to Newsweek, Muslims in the south are fighting their ‘holy war’ against Catholic majority rule. Conclusion THOUGH the world at large appears to be at peace, â€Å"more than two dozen small wars flicker and rage around the globe . . . taking thousands of lives,† says an Associated Press dispatch. Closer examination reveals the â€Å"dismal truth that probably half or more of the wars now being fought around the world are either openly religious conflicts or involved with religious disputes,† says newspaper columnist C. L. Sulzberger. The said Crusade affects the people in the community and so made them have their own perception of the war. Some commented negatively about the crusaders and some agreed to their aims. Different opinions occur on to which they support. But the Crusades and their failure should have taught that economic greed and desire for political prominence can lead to fanaticism and massacre. But the lesson has been ignored. The evidence lies in the many conflicts that have continued to stain many parts of our planet with blood. In these, religion often serves as a front for abominations. References Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, â€Å"What Do The Facts Show? †, 22 March, 1982, pp. 4-5. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, â€Å"Religion’s Role in Past Wars†, 22 April 1972, pp. 11-15. How to cite Christians living, Papers

What Factors Influence Consumer Selection of Wine in Chinese Restaurants Essay Example

What Factors Influence Consumer Selection of Wine in Chinese Restaurants? Essay Confucius once said regarding Chinese Hospitality, â€Å"How happy to have friends from far away. Indeed, based on this remark, one can see that friendship is regarded as a major ingredient of Chinese hospitality. And on the issue of making friends, Zhang Qian (2001) of the Shanghai Star, explained that there are four ways by which Chinese people make friends: giving a rich banquet, writing poems, undergoing suffering together and drinking wine. Now, if drinking one is placed in parallel with banquet, poems, and suffering, this must mean it carries a great value in terms of friendship and hence, on the area of hospitality. Wine consumption, hence, carries with it hedonistic values and social significance. This has been fueled by greater zeal in improving the quality of live of the individual, causing wine consumption to rise in a number of countries. (Dewald 2003) Today, China is the sixth largest wine-producing nation and its influence has reached the United Kingdom as well (Ray 2008). For instance, one of the major wine-making companies in China which is also the largest and longest–established, the Changyu Company, has been exporting its wine to the UK. According to the famous Australian wine-makerLenz Moser and his partner in London, Iain Muggoch of Bibendum, these wines from China blended in the UK market very well. Now, according to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2007), UK is among the smallest wine producers in the whole of Europe. Despite this, UK is the largest in the world in terms of wine import. As a matter of fact, UK is considered the international trading center in wine. Because of this, the industry form the importers to the bottlers just continue to thrive. There are other great developments in the region. For instance, the Wine Industry Report published that Rioja was able to harness research of Wine Intelligence Vinitrac and translated it to sales. (Wine Industry Report 2007.) Its neighbor, Germany, was also reported to have reached its highest wine consumption thus far. (Wine Industry Report 2008) Researchers have been to make market efforts more effective such as that of Drummond and Rule (2005). Even winemaking waste are studied as potential substance to prevent tooth decay. (Harpers 2008) We will write a custom essay sample on What Factors Influence Consumer Selection of Wine in Chinese Restaurants? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Factors Influence Consumer Selection of Wine in Chinese Restaurants? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Factors Influence Consumer Selection of Wine in Chinese Restaurants? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Because of these healthy signs, as far as market is concerned, it would just be wise to look at how, in concrete terms, does this affect UK and what better place to start than the Chinese restaurants in its capital city, London. This paper, therefore, aims to determine the factors affecting the consumer selection of wines in Chinese restaurants in London. By determining this, it is hoped that significant insights may be derived from this research which could help further the booming wine economy. nbsp; 1.2 Scope and Limitations nbsp; The study give emphasis on leisure management as it determines the factors that influence consumer selection in Chinese restaurants. The study would be confined to London and only in particular, only to the ten restaurants which would be chosen by random sampling. Therefore, neighboring restaurants outside of London will not be considered in this research. The website London-eating provides a list of all candidate restaurants. The Royal China Club in Belgravia, Kam Fung in Bloomsbury, Yi-Ban in Chilsea, the Amoy New China Diner in Covenant Garden, and Shanghai in Docklands are examples of candidate restaurants which had been considered in the random sampling. Other restaurants, such as the Lotus Room, Mandarin, Tai Pan, An Nam Restaurant, ChiKaYan, Eden, Raw Lasan and Wing Yip, although Chinese were not considered because they were outside London. Furthermore, the results of the survey is limited to lunch and dinner only as no survey was done during breakfast time and snack time. For the purpose of this research, lunch is defined as food and drinks served between 10 AM to 2 PM and dinner is defined as the food and drinks served between 6 PM to 10 PM. nbsp; This study is done by qualitatively examining the existing literature available regarding the wine economy in the United Kingdom, in general. The literature review will proceed by first examining general perspectives on wine selection then examining it from the English and Chinese lenses. The former is important because this is the recipient culture of the study while the latter is significant because it is the original culture. Both these perspectives are important to provide a strong basis of the study. Later on, the survey would be presented to validate and contextualize the study, as well as define its parameters. Analysis of the data derived from the survey in the light of the literature review would provide a holistic study of the topic. From then, suitable recommendations can be made regarding wine industry with emphasis on leisure management in Chinese restaurants. nbsp; Currently there are existing literature that one can find in the Internet which can guide an individual in choosing wine and a number of them have been compiled by Sharon Kapnick (2007) of Time. Examples are those given by the experts such as Robert Parker through the Wine Advocate (2008) and Jancis Robinson (2008) but they are on the expert level. Essentially, there are already given factors in choosing wine as those elaborated by the Consumer Union of US (2008) in their Consumer Report. In a nutshell, it involved consideration of the tastes favored, careful consideration of brand, the time when the wine will be drank, and the pairing of wine with the food. These, however are mere technical considerations and are usually the concern of just the connoisseurs. The interest on this research, however, is only on the general level as not all consumer of wines are as sharp as those who would, out of leisure, read the Parker and Robinson. nbsp; Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature nbsp; 2.1 General Perspective on Choosing Drinks nbsp; There are many interrelating factors affecting the way beverages are chosen. That is why food choice models are an effective way of representing the relationships among these factors. According to Shepherd and Sparks (1994), these factors include physical, social and physiological. The physical factor is determined by geography, technology, economics, and season. The social factor involves religion, social customs, advertising, education and social class. Finally, the physiological factor is determined by heredity, allergy, acceptability and nutritional need. Though there are a number of models like this, they all have common features – identification of cultural and socio-economic factors, individual traits and data such as demography, knowledge, attitude and both extrinsic and intrinsic factors to the product. One such model is that which Khan (1981) developed. nbsp; In Khans model, these three factors are expanded into seven categories. First, familiarity, influence of others and emotional meaning associated with the beverage are classified under personal factors. Second, age, gender and similar physical and psychological factors are classified under biological factor. Third, advertising and variations in seasons are classified under extrinsic factor. Fourth, odor, appearance, texture and flavor are classified under intrinsic factor. Fifth, religious, cultural and regional factors are lumped together. Sixth, educational factors such as education regarding nutrition are treated as another category. Finally, income and the cost of beverage are classified under the socio-economic factor which is the last category. nbsp; For the purpose of this research, however, these models can be simplified into just two factors – extrinsic and intrinsic. However, since we are dealing with not just ordinary wine but with a particular type of wine – the Chinese wine – origin also play and important role, making it the third factor. According to Jacoby et. al.(1977), information regarding a product is conducted by the consumer prior to purchase. Both the intrinsic (e.g., specifications, design, and taste) and extrinsic (e.g., guarantees, price, and brand name) all come into play. In particular, Gabbott asserts that this is practiced by wine consumers. For instance, quality judgment is based on wine style, grape variety, processing method, and alcohol content (which makes up the intrinsic factor) and also price, packaging, brand name and labellings (which makes up the extrinsic factor.) (Lockshin and Rhodus, 1993) nbsp; Like the first two factors discussed, the country of origin has significant influence on the evaluation of consumers when they dont know much about the true quality of the product of country in question. (Elliot Cameron, 1994 ; Huber McCann, 1982). Wall et. al. (1991) went even further to say that more that price and brand, the country of origin is a major consideration in assessing product quality. nbsp; 2.2 Chinese Perspectives on Wine Drinking nbsp; No study on Chinese wine would be complete without an examination of its original context. According to Hrayr Berberoglu (2008), a Professor Emeritus of Hospitality and Tourism Management specializing in Food and Beverage, he would say that most people may be familiar with the indigenous vine species of Vitis amurensis and Vitis thunbergii and yet would have very low capacity on the enjoyment of western-style wine as up to this time, it is poorly, if not at all, understood. In contrast, the young people who live in key cities in China such as Beijing, Shanghai, Canton, and Xian, would really spend money on wine just to be able to experience and experiment different tastes. While a westerner may found the combination of merlot with coke, a Chinese would not. In fact, they may even add a few ice cubes to cool it as they consider wine a novelty and an â€Å"in† alcoholic beverage. nbsp; For about 1000 years now, Chinese have been enjoying alcohol. Yet until now, wine is not regarded as an alcoholic beverage. In fact, they dont have a word for wine. The closes equivalent is â€Å"Chiew† which is actually some distilled or fermented drink that that is harsh, burning, and stinging as opposed to the refined, smooth, fruity, and refreshing liquid people regards as wine. An example of this is   a liquor called â€Å"baijiu† which was derived from grapes but is composed of almost pure alcohol. (Reiss 2007) nbsp; According to historical records, grape seeds from Uzbekistan was brought by Gen. Chang Chien in China during the Han Dynasty around 121-136 BC. These seeds were planted in the Xingjian and Xian which was called Shaanxi then. There was also unclear reference in the 7th century AD to wine materials as being imported from the West – Tashkent, in particular. nbsp; Traditionally, the ingredients for Chiew are millet, sorghum and rice. Chiew is served before and after meals in small cups (as opposed to the Western concept of wine glasses) while listening to music. Moreover, it is never consumed alone – it has to be served with food. nbsp; Towards the dawn of the 19th century, the Chang Yu Winery in Yantai was established by Zhang Bi Shi after returning from abroad. Using Welschriesling from Austria, he planted vineyards in China. He even employed the Austrian consul as the winemaker. There was, however, no records on the taste of his wine. nbsp; In an interest to cater to foreigners and the diplomatic community, the French founded the Shang Yi Winery in Beijing. By 1949, however, they closed down all wineries except those which were government operated to increase production at the expense of quality. Fermented cereals, colouring solution, sugar, and water were added to   a wine-resembling mixture which was not affordable for those who didnt know anything about wine. Those who did, on the other hand, outrightly rejected it. nbsp; Since the 80s, the Chinese government have encouraged investment in the alcoholic beverage industry. Remy Martin of Cognac fames partnership with the Tianjin Fram Bureau was the first response to this. Later on, the Huadong winery was also established by Hong Kong businessmen in Quingdao (i.e. Tsingtao) and is now managed by a multinational distiller. Other wine companies which sprouted were The Penod-Richard in Beijing which was established in 1987 and the Marco Polo winery in Yantai built in 1990. Aside from these, there was also a winery project called Summer Palace which involved the former Canadian liquor multinational, Seagram. All these used Vitis vinifera. In addition, there were some old vineyards planted by scientists from Russia. They used their own grape varieties – Rkatsiteli, Severnyi and others – and mixed it with Black Hamburg which is famous for its sweet fruit and wines. nbsp; Due to the increasing demand from tourist and the young, as well as the night clubs and Chinese markets, Huadong Winery embarked on the planting of 50 hectares of chardonnay in Shandong. Due to the age of the vines and overproduction, the wines produced were excessively acid, light and needs more body and extract. In addition to this problem, the humidity in China also causes mildew, white rot and oidium diseases, just to name a few. nbsp; Aside from these problems, there was also a marketing problem as average Chinese consumers do not really like grape wines. That is why merlot was being mixed with coke and chardonnay was being mixed with clear soft drinks. Sometimes, even red and white wines are mixed in addition to ice to cool it and soft drinks to produce a sweet taste. What they do like, however, are oxidized alcohol which is the residue of rice win or dry sherry which is a substitute for rice wine in numerous Chinese food recipes. nbsp; nbsp; Presently, China owns approximately 65,000 hectares of vineyards as assessed by Chinas statisticians although most of the fruits harvested was meant to be dried or eaten rather than be used for the purpose of making wine. In fact, only 20% of the grapes harvested was used for this purpose. The 200 wineries in existence in China now try competing with the imported wines from US, Canada, France, Germany and Italy. Right now, Canada seemed to take an advantage as Chinese consumer like their sweet wines and cherish it all the more as its price increases. nbsp; In general, though, the population appears to prefer liquor since it gets them inebriated more quickly despite consumption of small quantities. They consume this usually on social occasions and never as thirst-quenchers like the Europeans. (Balestrini Gamble 2006). Wines from Chardonnay,   rkatsiteli, riesling,   carbanet suvignon, sauvignon blac, and merlot grapes, however, yield only low to medium alcohol contents. Despite this, manufacturers can deliberately raise alcohol levels to 49% as there is now law regulating this. It is for this reason that some Chinese wines are undrinkable if not almost unacceptable. nbsp; 2.3 UK Perspectives on Wine Drinking nbsp; Historically, UK’s wine connection dates all the way back to the time of the Romans. So far, UK is home to 362 registered vineyards which occupy 923 hectares of land. In 2006 alone, it has produced about 3.3 million bottles or an equivalent of 25,000 hectoliters of wine. During the times of the monasteries (by the time of the Conquest of the Normans), vineyards were already maintained in a number of places of 42 of them are recorded in the Doomsday Book (1085-1086). Wine production at this time was focused along the coastal areas. Due to different causes such as the Black Death, depletion of labor, breaking up of monasteries, climate changes and increase imports of wine from France, the Middle Ages up to the 20th century witness a decline in vineyards. After World War II, however, wine was established once more by post war pioneers. Hambledon vineyard in Hampshire was the first one to be established in 1951. (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 2007) The next 30 years witnessed significant developments in the industry up to the point that researches were even undertaken today for the purpose of furthering the wine industry. Even the hot weather in UK helped further its wine industry in recent years. (Madslien 2003). Among the recent findings in the wine industry are as follows: nbsp; The presentation of study made by Lulie Halstead at LIWSF 2007 which was published by Wine Intelligence (2007), she showed emperically if UK consumers place a bearing on organic, Fairtrade, sustainability and environmental issues when it comes to buying wine. The study showed that when it comes to organic and fair trade, there is a high awareness but doesnt directly result to sales. Her results showed that 64% of her respondents are aware of Organic wines and fair trade wines as opposed to 3% biodynamic wine which, according to one respondent, is not even in his vocabulary. Despite this, only 11% and 9% buy organic and fair trade wines respectively. When asked about the reason for buying organic wine, a majority of the respondents (55%) say that its because pf the ill effects of pesticides and fertilizers for the environment. Forty-four percent (44%) say organic wines support smaller producers while 38% say buying and eating natural products makes them feel good. Only 18% of the resp ondents say that organic wine taste better than other type. nbsp; In a parallel study made by Howard Brian (2007), the UK On-trade presents a great opportunities for the wine market in the eary of investment and distribution. Indeed, visibility plays a vital role in the realization of this opportunity. Yet, according to the study, only 25% of the hotels and resturants sampled have wine lists outside while only half have display bottles. Of all the samples, only two have a feature wine racks in the dining area. Usually, the practice of 70% of the respondents serving in white table cloth dining is to present the wine list together with the food menu. There were even three cases in the white table cloth type of dinning that the visitors would have to request the wine list. nbsp; For casual dinning, the situation is no better. In all the restaurants surveyed, only one has a wine list visible outside. Just like in white table cloth restaurants, only 25% of casual dining restaurants have bottles on display while just half would have wine lists at the table or bar. As practiced in the white table cloth restaurants, wine list are also made a part of standard food menu and this holds true for 45% of the respondents. There was also one case of diners having to request for the wine list. nbsp; In Brian’s assessment of the scenario, he expounded of the value of the wine lists as it deals with both the aspect of range and of value. Unfortunately, he discovered that branded wines have very low visibility as only 50% of the top-20 brands can be seen featured on casual dining lists. Further more, there was a lack of customer-facing marketing strategy such as promotions and positioning of branded wines as benchmark. In fact, of the top twenty brands, only the following brands occurred: Hardy’s – once, Gallo – once, Blossom Hill – once, Wolf Blass – twice, Lindermans – once, Montana – twice, Concha y Toro / Casillero del Diablo – thrice, and Rosemount – once. nbsp; In as much as wine list is important, having it is not enough. Help must also be provided in choosing and exploring wine. In the pitiful number of resturants employing wine lists, less than 25% in white table cloth. Sometimes, wine lists are exaggerated in the sense that over 80 wines are listed while some even go over 200, making it overwhelming and unnecessary support for most guests, especially those whose priority is socializing with guests. The scenario is indeed a lot better in casual dining as 80% of those with wine lists include tasting notes and/or recommendations for food pairing. nbsp; Another important consideration is service which Brian defines as the sum of attention and involvement. He observed, based on his study, that on 23% of the sample brought bottle already opened while 50% of the cases involving casual dinning presented bottle not label first. There was also a good number (i.e. 15%) of cases where the bottles was not presented at all to the person who ordered. Even the satisfaction of customers of the wine was hardly checked (15%) in white table cloth restaurants and not at all in casual restaurants. The same is true regarding the inquiring if a second bottle is required – i.e., only 25% in white table cloth restaurants and not at all in casual restaurants, as well as if giving suggestions for dessert after drink – 15% in white table cloth restaurants and not at all in casual restaurants. nbsp; Overall wine experience what not all that bad, though. Strong points include having good selection of wines at most price points with only low-end as the exception, good selections of wine by glass in most locations which compensates of the long (and often overwhelming lists offered in white table cloth restaurants). A small minority in both sectors also encourage consumers to try new wines. The white table cloth sector was particularly commended in having enthusiastic staff who are committed to the wine offer and know how to match the food with the wine. They were also said to be discrete yet attentive – something that causes dinners to be at ease. Lastly, brands in the casual dining sector also have some visibility. nbsp; There were a number of areas, however, that need to be improved. This include having staff with little or no interest in wine at all. Thus, their training was put to good use in selling food but not in wine offers, wasting opportunity. Either for lack of attention or lack of confident, knowledgeable guidance, help and reassurance was not properly extended. Familiar brands were underutilized as they could have been used chiefly as self-choosing tool. nbsp; Brian also found out that there were numerous examples of serving staff having little or no interest in wine. They also suggest uncertain customers just to have house wines as default, if not decline wine altogether. Only the casual dinning sector made use of familiar brands as a tool for self-choosing. Dinners were also not encouraged nor supported to trade or try new wines in both sectors. Furthermore, wines are very rarely viewed to be as important as food for offer. Majority of the sample also fail to give attention to marketing and promotion of wine. nbsp; Consequently, consumers fall back on self-selection because wine names may be unfamiliar, there is pressure to choose hurriedly to give way to socializing or business, there’s a long or not understandable list of wines in the white table cloth sector and there is a lack of skills and enthusiastic staff to mitigate risk in the case of casual dining. They also perceive an unbalanced high-end pricing with respect to the price of key main dish in the case of the white tablecloth sector. nbsp; 2.4 Market Opportunities nbsp; According to Lulie Halstead (2005), the UK wine market is the largest and most dynamic market for imported wine in the world. It’s worth is estimated to range from 7 to 9 billion pounds. Of all alcoholic drinks consumed, wine share about 30% by value. Furthermore, just the 30% of wine consumers account for three-fourths of the consumption. nbsp; There are about 45 million adults in the United Kingdom and only 14 of them are non-wine drinkers. Of the remaining 31 million, eight million drink wine less than once monthly, 11 million drink wine once to thrice monthly and 12 million drink wine at least weekly accounting for 6%, 19% and 75% of off-trade respectively. nbsp; The growth of the wine industry since the year 1995 is remarkable. For instance, market by volume and value is reported to have roughly doubled from that time. Penetration has increased from mere 60% to 68% while the weight of purchase has increased from 15.3 L/ head to 24 L / head in a span of just eight years since 1995. Despite this, the average cost of a 750 mL bottle is growing only at 2% yearly, failing to respond to inflation in the UK. nbsp; Contrary to popular belief that the young (those who are less than 35 years of age) consume much of the wine today, the Lulie’s study show that they only account for 17% of all the wine consumed. Those in age range 35-65 years old all exceed this value. In fact, survey showed that those who are 35-44 years old account for about 21%, 45-54 years old account for about 22%, 55-64 years old account for about 18% and those who are above 65 years old account for about 23% of wine consumption. nbsp; Richard Halstead (2006) identified the different people groups as far as wine consumption is concerned. The first group is called the adventurous connoisseurs. They are broadsheet readers who have a high income. They have a high frequency of consuming wire which may turn on and off and they have high spending and high involvement with wines. The second group of people is called the mainstream at-homers who are the middle-income professionals living in suburban areas. They also have high involvement and have high frequency of wine intake with average spending. They usually drink their wine at home. The third group of people are called the weekly treaters which is composed mainly of young singletons. They have a moderate wine involvement and have a low frequency of – albeit above average spending on – wine consumption. The fourth type of people is called the sociable bargain-hunters who are described as prosperous empty nesters. They also have high frequency of wine intak e (especially on-trade) but low spending on wines. Their involvement with wines ranges from low to moderate. Finally, we have the frugal conservatives who are the low income TV watchers. They have low frequency wine consumption, low spending on wines, and low wine involvement. nbsp; Richard also highlighted the behavior of regular wine drinkers when it comes to buying of wine. Results indicate that wines are bought in specific types of outlets. According to the survey, most regular wine consumers get their goods from either formal restaurant or casual restaurant (i.e. about 80%). Local pubs (about 75%), wine bars (about 65%) and gastro-pub (about 60%) have the lowest ratings. Moreover, gastro-pubs and local pubs are perceive to sell wines which have poor money value. Incidentally, the price of wine on offer is the leading reason why consumers do not buy wine more often (i.e. according to 44% of the respondents). The other reasons involve the quality of the wine (16%), the range of wine (13%) and the lack of retail (by glass) availability (9%) are the next three reasons. nbsp; In an online survey conducted last April 2006 to over 1,330 individuals who are residents of the UK, over 18 years of age, and who drink wine at least once a month, 72%   reported that they drink wine in pubs and bars – a fall from the 76% figure the year before that. If ever they drink wines from these two places, it was only for socializing and done without food. Nineteen percent (19%) of the respondents reported that it was through a birthday, a wedding, or another social celebration. Out of the 34% who drank without a meal, 45% of them drink with friends on a major night out, 21% take wine while they are in a pub or night club, 18% drink with colleagues for business purpose and 6% drink as a form of relaxation. Of the 32% who drink with a meal, 47% drink with a general meal, 35% have a meal with friends and 18% eat with a family or partner. nbsp; The number one reason why people don’t drink in pubs is that they prefer other drinks such as beer and spirits. This has been attested by 40% of the responses. Far second is that they do not go in pubs (19%), they perceive wines in pubs to be too expensive or of poor value (18%), they only drink wine with food (9%), the wines are not properly kept and are of poor quality (5%) and the available selection is poor (3%). nbsp; It was also shown in this study that the propensity to drink wine in pubs and bars decreases with age. Based on the survey, ages 18-24 has 82%; ages 24-34 has 78%; ages 25-54 has 71% and ages 55 and beyond has 67% penetration. Now, regarding the penetration by Wine Intelligence figures, the sociable bargain hunters top the list with 99% followed by the adventurous connoisseurs, weekly treaters, mainstream at-homers and frugal conservatives with 97%, 88%, 87% and 31% respectively. nbsp; It is reported that the most dissatisfied at pubhouses are the higher value consumers who drink wine heavily (i.e., more than twice weekly). They are more involved wine drinkers who are 35-54 years old and either mainstream at-homers and adventutous connoisseurs. In order to have them more often in this places, it is suggested that wines be looked after properly, prices be clearly displayed, price of the wine be reasonable, the brand must be reconizable and the description must be acceptable. Putting all these findings together, the need of consumers must be met by reassuring them in terms of value and quality. nbsp; In conclusion, the survey shows the top ten ways by which consumer would be encouraged to buy more wine: (1) More promotions/special pricing/discounts – 72%; (2) More tasting opportunities for wines which are not familiar – 70%; (3) Wide range of choices for wines that are less than 10 pounds a bottle – 68%; (4) Providing more selections of the type of wines consumers usually drink in their homes – 66%; (5) Bar staff has to have more knowledge about wine – 65%; (6) Better presentation of wine on or behind the bar – 62%; (7) Bar staff having greater zeal in helping customers choose wine – 61%; (8) Providing more famous brands as choices – 55%; (9) Having more wines available by glass – 54% and (10) Having more selection of wines in the 10-15 pounds per bottle price range. nbsp; 2.5 Future Opportunities nbsp; Lulie Halstead (2005) predicted the future trends of wine consumption based on political, economic, social and technological factors. In particular, the consumer model was based on how the 2015 UK government would most likely treat wine, what are the predictable economic influences, what would be the consumer relationship with wine and how would new technology impact the way wine products are both in and out of the country. nbsp; Based on her research, the wine penetration would continue to increase, albeit slightly, to 71% compared to 68% in 2004. This is also predicted to be the highest natural attainable value as 20% of the population claim not to drink alcohol. In terms of consumption, it is predicted that 35 liter per head for those who are above 15 years old would be reached at this time. Again, this is the natural ceiling which is noted to be way less than the 50 liters per heat consumed in southern countries of Europe. nbsp; In terms of population, it is likely that those who are 45 years old or older will consume more than 67% of all wines in the UK while those who are below this age will consume the rest. Purchase behavior will take less precedence to consumption occasion as a driving force in choosing wine. As it is today, price and country of origin would be of greates value in terms of serving as key product choice criteria. In effect, word of mouth, recommendations from third party, as well as label information in the front and the back of the product would also be of significant interest to people. nbsp; Branding is another factor that is important in choosing wine while sales promotion may take on a less important role. It is expected that consumer scepticism of the real value of the offer would increase with the supplier scepticism. In addition, there would also be more occasions to drink wine so there would be growth in the sale of casual wine drinking at home weekly and on-trade drinking occasions as there would be an increase in the selection and trust level of consumers. An increase in health consciousness would also be a factor, causing people to prefer wine over beer and spirits. Diversity and experimentation is also likely to prevail but value will continue to be considered at all price points. As there would be continued disloyalty any particular brand, there would be more producer brands and their increase in market share would increase as well. As there would be a general increase in the supply of quality wine on a global scale, prices are expected to low